Transfer source

Fig ure 12-41. Prooess B Batoh reaotion with reaotants added during the reaotion. Little flammable and hazardous material are present at any time. A reflux (or knookbaok) oondenser is used to provide additional heat transfer. (Source S. M. England, Inherently Safer Plants Practical Applications," Prooess Safety Progress, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 63-70, AlChE, 1995.)... 

Asymmetric amidation of sp C—H bonds was reported in good yields and moderate enantioselectivities (Scheme 5.27)." ° When benzylic or allylic C—H bonds were used, similar results were also obtained." In these reactions the prepared nitrenes, PhI=NTs, and/or PhI(OAc)2+NH2Ts were used as nitrogen atom transfer sources. The studies showed that Ru=NTs was formed in situ and acted as a possible active intermediate when a ruthenium catalyst was used (Figure 5.12), whereas a radical intermediate might be involved when a manganese catalyst was used. 

The use of dioxiranes (typically DMDO or methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane) as the oxygen-transfer source in epoxidations provides a commonly used and powerful alternative to peracids. The dioxiranes are prepared from the corresponding ketones via reaction with an oxygen-transfer source, usually Oxone (KHSOs) or hydrogen peroxide, the ketone in principle being a catalytic species. 

For multiphase reactive systems of types (a) and (b), at least one of the reactants has to reach the reaction zone from a different phase. In such systems, generally mass transfer between these two different phases (and its interaction with chemical reactions) is of primary importance and turbulent mixing is often of secondary importance. For such systems, modeling multiphase flows as discussed in Chapter 4 is directly applicable. The only additional complexity is the possibility of interaction between mass transfer and chemical reactions. The typical interphase mass transfer source for component k between phases p and q can be written (for the complete species conservation equation, refer to Chapter 4) ... 

In Eulerian-Eulerian (EE) simulations, an effective reaction source term of the form of Eq. (5.32) can be used in species conservation equations for all the participating species. The above comments related to models for local enhancement factors are applicable to the EE approach as well. It must be noted that interfacial area appearing in Eq. (5.32) will be a function of volume fraction of dispersed phase and effective particle diameter. It can be imagined that for turbulent flows, the time-averaged mass transfer source will have additional terms such as correlation of fluctuations in volume fraction of dispersed phase and fluctuations in concentration even in the absence... 

FIGURE 6-12 Nextel 720 fiber-reinforced calcium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic matrix composites show significant modulus retention following carbon interface burnout indicating matrix-to-fiber load transfer. Source Keller et al., 1997. 

The mass transfer source term per unit volume can be obtained by multiplying the evaporation rate from a single particle, Bis, hy the total number of particles in the control volume ... 

Where else Other location Flow/transfer/source/destination... 

Figure 11.32 Production-type microstructured piastics industry at DSM in Linz, Austria, reactor for throughput at 1700 kg/h and transfer Source Courtesy ofWiiey-VCH Veriag of a power of 100 kW. This apparatus was used GmbH [90]. for manufacture of a high-value product for...

WHERE ELSE Applies to flows, transfers, sources and destinations... 

The heat transfer literature is replete with correlations that relate the particular fluid and other parameters to the heat transfer coefficient. The most basic relationships most relevant to fuel cell study will be given here, but the student or engineer interested in a more thorough understanding should consult a heat transfer source for a more complete treatment. 

Quinn et al. (2010) carried out reduction of heteroaromatic and aromatic nitro groups to amines using Pd/C or Pt/C catalyst, which is extremely effective with 1,4-cyclo-hexadiene as the hydrogen transfer source. In general, the reactions were completed... 

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