Path dependence theory

Emissions trading is a radical innovation in environmental policy in Spain, whose introduction was fraught with difficulties. Institutional path dependence theory (see Woerdman 2004) provides useful insights to interpret decisions, choices and conflicts when institutional rigidities exist. On the other hand, a public choice approach is useful for analysing the interaction between the public administration and other actors in the allocation process and some specific choices made (see Schneider and Volkert 1999 Svendsen 2000 del Rio 2006). 

Experiments and modem physics [3] has shown that the way KT and other thermodynamic properties diverge when approaching the critical point is described in a fundamentally wrong way by all classical, analytical equations of state like the cubic equations of state and is path dependent. The reason for this is that these equations of state are based on mean field theory,... 

Flaw activity and the resultant stress concentration factors can also be expected to depend on the material s rheology. The sample loading history and path play a major role in determining the behavior of a given flaw as described elsewhere (6,11,12,13), and these ideas are currently being extended to account for recent developments in constitutive equation theory for solid polymers and the idea of a flaw spectrum. In this paper, time and path dependence are not considered further, and the calculations are based on elastic stress concentration factors associated with elliptic flaw geometries. 

Finally, we like to mention that equivalent to the conventional energy frame KHD formulation, the time-dependent theory of Raman scattering is free from any approximations except the usual second order perturbation method used to derive the KHD expression. When applied to resonance and near resonance Raman scattering, the time-dependent formulation has shown advantages over the static KHD formulation. Apparently, the time-dependent formulation lends itselfs to an interpretation where localized wave packets follow classical-like paths. As an example of the numerical calculation of continuum resonance Raman spectra we show in Fig. 6.1-7 the simulation of the A, = 4 transitions (third overtone) of D excited with Aq = 488.0 nm. Both, the KHD (Eqs. 6.1-2 and 6.1-18) as well as the time-dependent approach (Eqs. 6.1-2 and 6.1-19) very nicely simulate the experimental spectrum which consists mainly of Q- and S-branch transitions (Ganz and Kiefer, 1993b). 

More recently, Abraham Tesser and John Achee have developed an argument of this kind more systematically.10 They observe that in many social situations the function relating the independent variables to the dependent variable is two-valued rather than one-valued, and hence the distribution of behaviors bimodal rather than unimodal. Brehm s theory of "reactance/ for instance, is based on the premise that social pressure can decrease as well as increase conformity.109 John Roemer s idea of the "psychology of tyranny" is also relevant here.110 The tyrant induces fear in his subjects, but also hatred. The fear makes them less likely to rebel, the hatred more likely. Tesser and Achee argue, however, that the indeterminacy disappears once we go beyond state variables and introduce path dependence or hysteresis ... 

I herinodynamics through the use of state functions describes the properties of systems at equilibrium. Kinetics on the other hand deals with descriptions of lime-dependent processes, which are path dependent. These two areas of science together constitute a powerful body of scientific law and theory that can be used to describe both systems and processes. A number of methods... 

For gas molecules, the heat capacity is a constant equal to C = (n/2)pkB where n is the number of degrees of freedom for molecule motion, p is the number density, and kB is the Boltzmann constant. The rms speed of molecules is given as v = V3kBTlm, whereas the mean free path depends on collision cross section and number density as = (pa)-1. When they are put together, one finds that the thermal conductivity of a gas is independent of p and therefore independent of the gas pressure. This is a classic result of kinetic theory. Note that this is valid only under the assumption that the mean free path is limited by inter-molecular collision. 

Optical or radiometric techniques for measuring solids concentration are based on the dependence of attenuation and scattering of an optical beam or radiation on the number of particles in the optical path. The theory that guides these techniques assumes a single-scattering process thus, it is only valid for low concentrations of solids. These techniques require special optical windows, which sometimes are impractical and limiting. 

The slip flow near the boundary surface can be analyzed based on the type of fluids, i.e., gas and Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. The sUp flow in gases has been derived based on Maxwell s kinetic theory. In gases, the concept of mean free path is well defined. Slip flow is observed when characteristic flow length scale is of the order of the mean free path of the gas molecules. An estimate of the mean free path of ideal gas is /m 1/(Vlna p) where p is the gas density (here taken as the number of molecules per unit volume) and a is the molecular diameter. The mean free path / , depends strongly on pressure and temperature due to density variation. Knudsen number is defined as the ratio of the mean free path to the characteristic length scale... 

Himt, S., Morgan, R. (1996). The resource-advantage theory of competition Dynamics, path dependencies, and evolutionary dimensions. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 107-114. 

Stack, M., Gartland, M. P. (2003). Path creation, path dependency, and alternative theories of the firm. The Journal of Economic Issues, 37(2), 487 94. 

Ruttan, Vernon W., 1997, Induced Innovation, Evolutionary Theory and Path Dependence Sources of Technical Change, Economic Journal 107, 1520-1529. 

Chemical reactions obey the rules of chemical kinetics (see Chapter 2) and chemical thermodynamics, if they occur slowly and do not exhibit a significant heat of reaction in the homogeneous system (microkinetics). Thermodynamics, as reviewed in Chapter 3, has an essential role in the scale-up of reactors. It shows the form that rate equations must take in the limiting case where a reaction has attained equilibrium. Consistency is required thermodynamically before a rate equation achieves success over tlie entire range of conversion. Generally, chemical reactions do not depend on the theory of similarity rules. However, most industrial reactions occur under heterogeneous systems (e.g., liquid/solid, gas/solid, liquid/gas, and liquid/liquid), thereby generating enormous heat of reaction. Therefore, mass and heat transfer processes (macrokinetics) that are scale-dependent often accompany the chemical reaction. The path of such chemical reactions will be... 

The results are critically dependent on the level of theory. However, a stepwise mechanism with closed shell structures along the reaction path was found to be lower in energy than a concerted reaction. An all-cw conformer of 172 is reported to be a transition state rather than an intermediate. Similarities of the conformational isomers of the intermediate 2-butenedithial 172 with the dinitrosoethylenes discussed in Section IV,c are evident. 3,6-Diamino-substituted dithiins are predicted to be more stable in the open-chain bisthioamide structure [95JST51]. The... 

The perturbation theory presented in Chapter 2 implies that orientational relaxation is slower than rotational relaxation and considers the angular displacement during a free rotation to be a small parameter. Considering J(t) as a random time-dependent perturbation, it describes the orientational relaxation as a molecular response to it. Frequent and small chaotic turns constitute the rotational diffusion which is shown to be an equivalent representation of the process. The turns may proceed via free paths or via sudden jumps from one orientation to another. The phenomenological picture of rotational diffusion is compatible with both... 

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