Patents Structure

The spiral scoop that is shown in Figures 27.6 and 27.7 as a part of the patented structure takes up the floated sludge, pouring it into the stationary center section where it is discharged by gravity for either recycling or disposal. 

Uniform orientation of the fundamental bicyclic patent structures (column 3,... 

Several other companies were quickly attracted into the field, notably G. D. Searle, Roussel-UCLAF, Wyeth, Philips-Duphar, Organon, Upjohn, and Merck, each pursuing the synthesis of new molecules. The most important consideration was to find novel patentable structures derived from their positions in their chosen starting raw... 

HTS is a multidisciplinary process directed at the identification of leads (see Figure 11.2). Samples are tested against a series of assays in order to identify hits samples that exhibit desirable properties such as potency, specificity, selectivity, etc. Hits are submitted to further tests for a deeper evaluation of their biological properties. Those compounds that exhibit the desirable biological properties and represent patentable structure are usually defined as leads. Lead compounds may require improvements of their properties. HTS can also be employed during lead optimization, when thousands of compounds can be generated by combinatorial methods. HTS can therefore be performed... 

Description The alkylator (1) and benzene stripper (2) operate together as a distillation column. Alkylation and distillation occur in the alkylator (1) in the presence of a zeolite catalyst packaged in patented structured packing. Unreacted ethylene and benzene vapor from the alkylator top are condensed and fed to the finishing reactor (3) where the remaining ethylene reacts over zeolite catalyst pellets. The benzene stripper bottoms is fractionated (5 6) into EB prod-... 

Organizations may differ in library acquisition methods (e.g., synthesis versus purchase), compotmd inclusion criteria, S5mthesis methodology, or how they mine their collections to tmcover leads. The rationale, however, remains constant to find new, patentable structures as efficiently as possible. Automated synthesis and HTS, pioneered during the 1990s, enabled companies to synthesize, test, and maintain compound libraries populated with hundreds of thousands— even millions—of unique compotmds. Automation opened the door to new... 

The patent structure surrounding the Ziegler process indicates that the... 

Numerous schemes have been explored in an effort to correlate the effects of modifying chemical substituents on a patent structure with their effects on the target property. That attributed to Professor Corwin Hansch of Pomona College, the most prevalent and easiest to understand, is based on ideas derived from physical organic chemistry. The basic problem can be illustrated using an HlV-1 protease" inhibitor as an example. 

This book concentrates on synthesis and identification methods for molecular sieves including nonaluminosilicate molecular sieves and gives a good overview of structures and patented materials. 

Maikush structures are mainly used in patents, for protecting compounds related to an invention. The first generic claim, submitted by Markush, was granted in 1924 by the US Patent Office [87-90]. 

Nowadays, Markush structures are utilixed mainly in patent databases, where they describe a number of different chemical compounds. Searching in patent databases is very important for companies to ascertain whether a new compound is... 

In contrast to canonical linear notations and connection tables (see Sections 2.3 and 2.4), fragment codes arc ambiguous. Several different structures could all possess an identical fragment code, because the code docs not describe how the fragments arc interconnected. Moreover, it is not always evident to the user whether all possible fi aginents of the stmetures ai e at all accessible. Thus, the fragments more or less characterise a class of molecules this is also important in generic structures that arise in chemical patents (sec Section 2.7.1)... 

Today, fragment coding is still quite important in patent databases (sec Chapter 5, Section 5.11, e.g., Dei went) where Markush structures are also stored. There, the fragments can be applied to substructure or othei types of searches where the fragments arc defined, c.g., on the basis of chemical properties. 

Markush structures rcprcHL-uts compound families - widespread in patents nianual in/ontput convertible into otlicr representations high number of compounds less compact code ambiguous difficult to extract individual compounds... 

To get to know various databases covering the topics of bibliographic data, physicochemical properties, and spectroscopic, crystallographic, biological, structural, reaction, and patent data... 

A strict separation of these three types of databases is difficult hence most databases contain a mixture of data types. Therefore the classification given here is based on the predominating data type. For example, the major emphasis of a patent database is on hterature, whereas it also comprises numeric and structural data. Another type is the integrated database, which provides a supplement of additional information, especially bibhographic data. Thus, different database types are merged, a textual database and one or more factual databases. 

Patent databases are therefore integrated databases because facts, text, tables, graphics, and structures are combined. In patents that include chemical aspects (mostly synthesis or processing), the chemical compounds are often represented by Markush structures (see Chapter 2, Section 2.7.1). These generic structures cover many compound families in a very compact maimer. A Markush structure has a core structure diagram with specific atoms and with variable parts (R-groups), which are defined in a text caption. The retrieval of chemical compounds from Markush structures is a complicated task that is not yet solved completely satisfactorily. 

MARPAT Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), USA Markush structures in patents struc- ture, Mar- kush, biblio. 180000 records, 505 000 Markush struct. patent ofBces STN commercial CD-ROM, online weekly www.cas.org/ ONLINE/ DBSS/mar- patss.html... 

Once we have the measures, we have to apply them to chemical objects. Objects of interest to a chemist include molecules, reactions, mbrtures, spectra, patents, journal articles, atoms, functional groups, and complex chemical systems. Most frequently, the objects studied for similarity/dissimilarity are molecular structures. 

Most of the polymers in Tables 1.1 and 1.2 are listed with more than one name. Also listed are some of the patented trade names by which these substances—or materials which are mostly of the indicated structure—are sold commercially. 

Fig. 1. Patent illustration showing a typical pod structure (7). (a) Unfilled pod (b) fiUed, sealed pod (c) cross-section of fiUed pod along line C—C in (b).

Lucas and Porter (U.S. Patent 3,370,401, 1967) developed a fiber-bed scrubber in which the gas and scrubbing liquid flow vertically upward through a fiber bed (Fig. 17-55). The beds tested were composed of knitted structures made from fibers with diameters ranging From 89 to 406 [Lm. Lucas and Porter reported that the fiber-bed scrubber gave substantially higher efficiencies than did venturi-type scrubbers tested with the same dust at the same gas pressure drop. In similar experiments, Semrau (Semrau and Lunn, op. cit.) also found that a fiber-bed contactor made with random-packed steel-wool fibers gave higher efficiencies than an orifice contactor. However, there... 

Polystyrene produced by free-radical polymerisation techniques is part syndio-tactic and part atactic in structure and therefore amorphous. In 1955 Natta and his co-workers reported the preparation of substantially isotactic polystyrene using aluminium alkyl-titanium halide catalyst complexes. Similar systems were also patented by Ziegler at about the same time. The use of n-butyl-lithium as a catalyst has been described. Whereas at room temperature atactic polymers are produced, polymerisation at -30°C leads to isotactic polymer, with a narrow molecular weight distribution. 

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