Passive sampling monitoring

Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring Electrochemical (Bio) Sensor Analysis... 

For the monitoring of water-borne contaminants, the main advantages of passive sampling are convenience and the fact that sampling is time integrated and is... 

Vrana B, Mills GA, Allan IJ et al (2005) Passive sampling techniques for monitoring pollutants in water. Trends Anal Chem 24 845-868... 

Greenwoord R (2007). Passive sampling devices for advanced monitoring of pollutants. In Proceedings of the RISKBASE 1st Thematic Workshop, Lisbon, pp 101-103... 

Wania, F Shen, L. Lei, Y.D. Teixeira, C. Muir, D.C.G. 2003, Development and calibration of a resin-based passive sampling system for monitoring persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 1352-1359. 

Kot, A. Zabiegata, B. Namiesnik, J. 2000, Passive sampling for long-term monitoring of organic pollutants in water. Trends Anal. Chem. 9 446-459. 

Passive samplers are not useful to monitor peak concentrations, but offer a convenient way to regard for example, long term exposure of persons in an indoor environment. A more detailed description of the passive sampling technique is given in Chapter 3. 

Application of Passive Sampling Techniques for Monitoring the Aquatic Environment... 

Overview of Different Passive Sampling Devices Used for Monitoring Pollutants in Water... 

Besides the advantages that passive sampling may offer, it is important to recognize that in many cases these devices measure a different fraction of contaminants than that defined for the checking of EQS compliance within the WFD. This becomes especially important when monitoring very hydrophobic chemicals (log Kow > 4), where a large fraction of the total amount present in a spot water sample is bound to colloids and particles. In contrast, most passive samplers used for monitoring hydrophobic compounds (e.g., SPMD, Chemcatcher, and silicone materials) measure only the truly dissolved fraction of these chemicals. 

There are several future trends for the development of passive sampling techniques. The first is the development of devices that can be used to monitor emerging environmental pollutants. Recently, attention has shifted from hydrophobic persistent organic pollutants to compounds with a medium-to-high polarity, for example, polar pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products.82 147148 Novel materials will need to be tested as selective receiving phases (e.g., ionic liquids, molecularly imprinted polymers, and immunoadsorbents), together with membrane materials that permit the selective diffusion of these chemicals. The sample extraction and preconcentration methods used for these devices will need to be compatible with LC-MS analytical techniques. 

Greenwood, R., G.A. Mills, and B. Vrana (eds). 2007. Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Paschke, A., B. Vrana, P. Popp, L. Wennrich, H. Paschke, and G. Schtiurmann. 2007. Membrane enclosed sorptive coating for the monitoring of organic compounds in water. In R. Greenwood, G.A. Mills, and B. Vrana (eds), Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring, pp. 231-249. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Persson, L.B., G.M. Morrison, J.U. Friemann, J. Kingston, G. Mills, and R. Greenwood. 2001. Diffusional behaviour of metals in a passive sampling system for monitoring aquatic pollution. J. Environ. Monit. 3 639-645. 

Mills, G. A., B. Vrana, I. Allan, D.A. Alvarez, J.N. Huckins, and R. Greenwood. 2007. Trends in monitoring pharmaceuticals and personal-care products in the aquatic environment by use of passive sampling devices. Anal. Bioanal. Ghent. 387 1153-1157. 

Bopp, S., H. Weiss, and K. Schirmer. 2005. Time-integrated monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in groundwater using the ceramic dosimeter passive sampling device. J. Chromatogr. A 1072 137-147. 

Table 7.1 Relative attributes of active and passive sampling approaches to monitoring POPs In indoor air...

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