Particles ingestion

Overview. Humans living in areas surrounding hazardous waste sites may be exposed to endosulfan primarily via dermal contact with or ingestion of contaminated soils since this compound is found bound to soil particles. Although endosulfan can be found in water as colloidal suspensions adsorbed to particles, ingestion of contaminated finished drinking water is not expected to be a major route of exposure since endosulfan is not very water soluble. Likewise, inhalation exposure to endosulfan via volatilization from contaminated media is not a major route of exposure since endosulfan is not very... 

Endrin has also been shown to be absorbed after ingestion by humans (Coble et al. 1967 Curley et al. 1970 Kintz et al. 1992 Rowley et al. 1987 Runhaar et al. 1985 Waller et al. 1992 Weeks 1967) however, no studies were located on the rate or extent of absorption that occurs in orally exposed humans or animals. Exposure to endrin through ingestion of contaminated drinking water is not expected to be an important source of concern because the compound has only rarely been detected in drinking water (Schafer et al. 1969 Wnuk et al. 1987). Since endrin is tightly bound to soil particles, ingestion of endrin-contaminated soil, particularly by children, may be an important route of exposure near hazardous waste disposal sites that contain endrin. 

The bioavailability of contaminants to wildlife and humans is also an area of critical importance, where contaminants can be taken up in pore water and by dermal contact, particle ingestion, or particle inhalation. The dynamics of sorption/desorption are not currently incorporated into exposure and risk assessment models for organic compounds, where availability, in most cases, is assumed to be 100% [224]. Recently, the following have been demonstrated and reported ... 

Human Health Effects (Refs 4 thru 12, 21 27). Munitions workers have experienced acute RDX intoxication, mainly from inhaling the fine particles ingestion may have been a contributing factor. Troops have occasionally suffered symptoms of RDX intoxication following consumption of Composition C-4, a plastic... 

McKeever PE, Balentine JD. Macrophage migration through the brain parenchyma to the perivascular space following particle ingestion. Am J Pathol. 1978 93 153-164. 

The j5 particles are more penetrating. A typical / particle can be stopped by 1 mm thickness of aluminum. Because they penetrate more into the skin, irradiation with j5 particles is more hazardous than with a particles. Ingested emitters are more hazardous than they are externally, but less so than a emitters because of the smaller amount of ionization. 

Human Health Effects (Refs 4 thru 12, 21 27). Munitions workers have experienced acute RDX intoxication, mainly from inhaling the fine particles ingestion may have been a contributing factor. Troops have occasionally suffered symptoms of RDX intoxication following consumption of Composition C4, a plastic expl containing 91% RDX Composition C-4 was chewed by soldiers to produce the high of ethyl alcohol, or it was used as a fuel for cooking. In the latter case, the victims may have inhaled the fumes or inadvertently introduced RDX into their food. Acute effects were seen... 

Saxena RK, Gilmour MI, Hays MD Isolation and quantitative estimation of diesel exhaust and carbon black particles ingested by lung epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages in vitro. Bio Techniques 2008, 44 799-805. 

Robards MD, Piatt JF, Wohls KD. Increasing frequency of plastic particles ingested by seabirds in the subarctic North Pacific. Mar Pollut BuU 1995 30 (2) 151-157. 

The test is a whole blood assay and uses fluorescence-labelled latex particles which are added to the heparinized whole blood sample. The PMN phagocytize the opsonised latex particles and the PMNL, having ingested fluorescent beads, are separated in a cell sorter and the size and fluorescence of the PMNL are determined. The mean fluorescence is equal to the number of latex particles ingested per cell. The phagocytosis index and percentage are calculated from the proportion of cells which underwent phagocytosis and that of the control. 

Alteration of cell surface and process of particle ingestion involvement of cytoskeleton (microfilaments and microtubules)... 

Munitions workers have experienced acute RDX intoxication, mainly from inhaling the fine particles ingestion may have been a contributing factor. 

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