Parenteral administration

Although parenteral administration is currently the most widely utilized route of administration for proteins, there are situations in which the protection or microenvironment provided by multiple-emulsion systems 

The preparation of a hemoglobin-containing multiple-emulsion system as a blood substitute is one such example (Zheng et al, 1993 Davis et al, 

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Polymer—polymer iacompatibiHty encapsulation processes can be carried out ia aqueous or nonaqueous media, but thus far have primarily been carried out ia organic media. Core materials encapsulated tend to be polar soHds with a finite degree of water solubiHty. EthylceUulose historically has been the sheU material used. Biodegradable sheU materials such as poly(D,L-lactide) and lactide—glycoHde copolymers have received much attention. In these latter cases, the object has been to produce biodegradable capsules that carry proteias or polypeptides. Such capsules tend to be below 100 p.m ia diameter and are for oral or parenteral administration (9). 

Sterile compositions containing Bendroflumethiazide for parenteral administration may be prepared as described in U.S. Patent 3,265,573. 

Parenteral drug administration means the giving of a drug by the subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), intravenous (IV), or intradermal route (Fig. 2-5). Other routes of parenteral administration that may be used by the primary care provider are intralesional (into a lesion), intra-arterial (into an artery), intracardiac (into the heart), and intra-articular (into a joint), hi some instances, intra-arterial dragp are administered by a nurse. However, administration is not by direct arterial injection but by means of a catheter that has been placed in an artery. 

Recording (when necessary) any information concerning the administration of the drug. This includes information such as the IV flow rate, die site used for parenteral administration, problems... 

Anaphylactic shock, which is a severe form of hypersensitivity reaction, also can occur (see Chap. 1). Anaphylactic shock occurs more frequently after parenteral administration but can occur with oral use This reaction is likely to be immediate and severe in susceptible... 

PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION. The nurse should read the manufacturer s package insert for each drug for instructions regarding reconstitution of powder for injection, storage of unused portions, life of the drug after it is reconstituted, methods of IV administration, and precautions to be taken when the drug is administered. 

The physician prescribes 1 g of Mefoxin (cefoxitin) for parenteral administration. Mefoxin is available in a solution of250 mg/1 mL. What amount of Mefoxin would the nurse prepare ... 

PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION. When these drag > are given intramuscularly, the nurse inspects previous injection sites for signs of pain or tenderness, redness, and swelling. Some antibiotics may cause temporary local reactions, but persistence of a localized reaction should be reported to the primary health care provider. It is important to rotate injection sites and record the site used for injection in the patient s chart. 

Nephrotoxicity (damage to the kidneys) and ototoxicity (damage to the organs of hearing) may be seen with the administration of this drug. Additional adverse reactions include nausea, chills, fever, urticaria, sudden fall in blood pressure with parenteral administration, and skin rashes. 

Oral administration requires great care because some patients have difficulty swallowing (because of a dry mouth or other causes). Other patients may refuse to take the drug. If the patient refuses to take the drug, the nurse contacts the primary health care provider regarding this problem because parenteral administration of the drug may be necessary. 

In combative patients or those who have serious manifestations of acutepsychoss(eg, hallucinations or loss of contact with reality), parenteral administration may be repeated every 1 to 4 hours until thedesred effectsare obtained or until cardiac arrhythmiasor rhythm changes orhypotenson occur. 

Few adverse reactions are associated with the administration of folic acid and leucovorin. Rarely, parenteral administration may result in allergic hypersensitivity. 

Wear disposable plastic gloves when preparing any of these drugs for parenteral administration. 

Educating the Patient and Family When Hie patient is hospitalized, the nurse explains all treatments and possible adverse effects to file patient before file initiation of therapy. The primary health care provider usually discusses the proposed treatment and possible adverse drug reactions with the patient and family members. The nurse briefly reviews these explanations immediately before parenteral administration of a drug. 

Lack of information concerning pharmacokinetics and bioavailabihty after p.o. and parenteral administration of the polymers. 

Parenteral administration to man, in Liposomes as Drug Carriers Recent Trends and Progress (G. Gregoriadis, ed.), John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp. 795-817. 

In the rare hereditary disease essential pentosuria, considerable quantities of L-xylulose appear in the urine because of absence of the enzyme necessary to reduce L-xylulose to xyhtol. Parenteral administration of xylitol may lead to oxalosis, involving calcium oxalate deposition in brain and kidneys (Figure 20-4). Various drugs markedly increase the rate at which glucose enters the... 

The antibacterial activity of five members (A to E) of the polymyxin group is of a similar nature. However, they are all nephrotoxic although this effect is much reduced with polymyxins B and E (colistin). Colistin sulphomethate sodium is the form of colistin used for parenteral administration. Sulphomyxin sodium, a mixture of sulphomethylated polymyxin B and sodium bisulphite, has the action and uses of polymyxin B sulphate, but is less toxic. 

Sterilization is an essential stage in the processing of aity product destined for parenteral administration, or for contact with broken skin, mucosal surfaces or internal organs, where the threat of infection exists, hi addition, the sterilization of microbiological materials, soiled dressings and other contaminated items is necessary to minimize the health hazard associated with these articles. 

Fig. 39.7. (a) Two-compartment catenary model for extravascular (oral or parenteral) administration of a single dose D which is completely absorbed. The transfer constant of absorption is (b) Time courses of the amount in the extravascular compartment Xa, the concentration in the plasma compartment Cp and the content in the elimination pool X. ... 

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