Parasitic insects

Orange Irees re< jivo plenty of air and light to enable them to I esist ihe allacks ot parasitic insects and varions diseases to which they are suhjecl. Pruning is carried out in Mav or dnuc. atler Ihc flowering period. The inner branches are carefully removed, also dead wood and decayed giorvib-... 

Abstract Hymenoptera is a very large and diverse insect order that includes the majority of both the social and the parasitic insects. With such diversity comes a variety and complexity of semiochemicals that reflect the varied biology of members of this order. This chapter reviews the chemical identification of pheromones and semiochemicals in the order Hymenoptera since 1990. For this review, the species in Hymenoptera have been classified as solitary, parasitic, or social. The chemical diversity of semiochemicals in Hymenoptera and future trends in pheromone identification are also discussed. 

The objective of irradiation of food with y-rays is elimination of parasitizing insects, fungi, and bacteria to prevent premature spoiling of the food and the outbreak of diseases. In addition, retardation of aging and ripening of fruits and vegetables can be achieved. In the Federal Republic of Germany, irradiation of food with the exception of spices is not permissible. 

Pediculicide. An agent that destroys parasitic insects (lice). 

Beckage, N. E. (1985). Endocrine interactions between endo-parasitic insects and their hosts. Annual Review of Entomology 30 371 113. 

A small group of Coleoptera-like, mostly parasitic insects, is the Strepsiptera. The placement of these insects in a totally separate taxonomic group is controversial. A search of the literature did not show any information on their sex pheromone. 

Propargite Is a specific acarlclde, which is relatively nontoxic to honeybees and many parasitic Insects. In addition, predacious mites are not eliminated from treated areas. 

Birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, mammals, and predatory and parasitic insects feed on some pests and help control their numbers. More than half of all insect and insect-like species feed on other insects, some of which are pests. Disease organisms often suppress pest populations. 

Most lice commonly occur in the fur or feathers of their warm-blooded hosts. These lice have specialized, hook-like appendages on their relatively short legs for securing these parasitic insects onto the body of their hosts. 

Fleas and lice are two of the most common and irritating parasitic insects of humans and our livestock. Lice... 

Biological controls Using living organisms to control pests is called biological control. These controls include disease organisms such as Bacillus thuringiensis that infect insects as well as predatory or parasitic insects or mites. Many beneficial insects have been introduced from other countries to control imported pests and thousands of beneficial species are native to North. America. Several dozen species are... 

A number of symbioses exist in which insects use natural products to parasitize insect colonies. Meloid beetles, which contain cantharidin (142) (Scheme 17) as a blistering repellant, spend one part of their complicated life cycle in nests of hymenopterans. The first larval stage is the mobile triungulin form. In yHf/of and other genera, these larvae climb flowers and assemble to form multispecimen aggregates with bee-like appearance and an attractive effect on male bees. In Mdoe franciscanus, the parasite of the solitary bee Habropoda pallida, it has been... 

Askew, R. R. In Parasitic Insects American Elsevier Press ... 

Lewis, W.J., R.L. Jones, H.R. Gross, Jr., and D.A. Nordlung The Role of Kairomones and other Behavioral Chemicals in Host Finding by Parasitic Insects. Behav. Biol. 16, 267-289 (1976). 

Colorants containing anthraquinone and its derivatives can be obtained from parasitic insects such as Dactylopius coccus, i.e., cochineal and Kerria lacca, i.e., lac. Alizarin can be extracted from the dried roots of the Rubia plant, and indigo can be extracted from Isatis tinctoria or Indigofera tinctoria. Some derivatives are shown in Figure 3.10. 

Bush, G. L. (1975) Sympatric speciation in phytophagous parasitic insects. In Evolutionary Strategies of Parasitic Insects and Mites (Price, P. W., ed.) pp. 187-206. Plenum Press, New York. 

Lewis, W. J., Jones, R. L., Gross, Jr., H. R. and Nordlund, D. A. (1976) The role of kairomones and other behavioral chemicals in host finding by parasitic insects. Behav. Biol., 16, 267-89. 

As with D. brevicomis, many predatory and parasitic insects arrive at trees s)mchronously with D. frontalis (Camors and Payne, 1973), several of these species also being attracted to chemicals either produced by D. frontalis... 

The sex pheromone (matsuone) of a parasitic insect Matsucoccus) that infests pine trees was prepared in a multistep synthesis from (-)-citronellol by way of the nitrile shown. 

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