Paranoid type

Paranoid type one or more systematized delusions or auditory hallucinations with a similar theme... 

Delusional disorder, paranoid type has fixed, focal delusions paranoid personality disorder does not... 

The clinical syndrome tends to follow a sequential pattern, with somatic symptoms presenting first, perceptual and mood changes next, and, finally, psychic changes, although there is considerable overlap between these phases (Table 1). Between the range of 1 to 16 Mg/kg, the severity of psychophysiologic effects of LSD in a given subject are proportional to the dose (30). Specific types of reaction, such as paranoid ideation, are more likely a matter of personal predisposition than a function of dose. 

Haloperidol is one of the most actively used modem neuroleptics. Its high antipsychotic activity is combined with a moderate sedative effect. It effectively stops various types of psychomotor excitement. It is used for schizophrenic psychoses, manic, paranoid, and delirious conditions, depression, psychomotor excitement of various origins, and for delirium and hallucinations of different origin. The most common synonyms are haldol, vezadol, linton, and others. 

However, this improvement does not occur in all patients. It applies to a subgroup of schizophrenic patients characterized by higher cognitive abilities and less somatic and psychiatric symptoms. Interestingly, this differentiation is independent on the classical sub-types of schizophrenia (hebephrenic, paranoid, or schizoaffective). 

The Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer s Disease (BEHAVE-AD) scale comprises 25 items rated on a scale of 0 3. The part on paranoid and delusional ideations contains seven items typical in Alzheimer s disease, such as delusions of stealing, one s house is not one s home and spouse is an impostor type delusions five items assess hallucinations in different... 

Dwight et al. (291) reported their experience with risperidone in eight patients with schizoaffective disorder (six bipolar type two depressive type). All six bipolar type patients showed the onset of or an increase in mania shortly after starting risperidone (mean number of treatment days = 7 3 mean dose = 7 1 mg/day). In this context, O Croinin et al. (292) reported on a chronic paranoid schizophrenic patient who was admitted in an acute psychotic state unresponsive to thioridazine or CPZ. Risperidone was started (6mg/day by day 3), but by the end of the first week she was displaying hypomanic symptoms. When risperidone was discontinued and haloperidol introduced, her hypomanic symptoms resolved. 

Psychosis itself can be paranoid, disorganized-excited, or depressive. Perceptual distortions and motor disturbances can be associated with any type of psychosis. 

The fundamental reason for taking psychedelics is the experiences they produce. These experiences may be of many kinds. Walter Pahnke (1967) has recently classified them into five types psychotic, characterized by fear, paranoid symptoms, confusion, impairment of abstract reasoning, remorse, depression, isolation, and/or somatic discomfort psychodynamic, in which unconscious or preconscious material becomes vividly conscious cognitive, characterized by "astonishingly lucid thought" aesthetic, with increased perceptual ability in all sense modalities and psychedelic mystical, marked by all the characteristics of spontaneous mystical experience observed in the literature. These experiences may be the cause for the effects of psychedelics on behavior. They are also the fundamental thing that must be explained if psychedelics and their effects are to be understood. 

LSD has no officially recognized therapeutic value. However, its use as a therapeutic drug has a rich history. Early research with LSD suggested that it produces states similar to those experienced by people experiencing a type of severe psychiatric disturbance called psychosis, in which patients often hear voices that aren t there, lose touch with reality, have disordered thinking, and experience paranoid thoughts. Mental health experts therefore tried taking LSD to see if it could help them understand their patients problems. 

J, NAA/Cr ratio in left medial TL of patients subjects with family history of schizophrenia showed greater deficit than subjects without history J, NAA/Cr ratio in left medial TL of patients J, NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios in patients with disorganized and undifferentiated types of schizophrenia than with paranoid schizophrenia... 

Death due to the use or misuse of ketamine is rare. Only severe overdoses present substantial risk, and such incidents are usually treated in the intensive-care unit. The most dangerous effects of ketamine are behavioral. Individuals may become withdrawn, paranoid, and very uncoordinated. Physicians can only treat overdoses of this type symptomatically, by offering calm reassurance and an environment with little stimulation. 

Most conventional antidepressants lower sexual desire and performance. However, the reversible type A selective MAO inhibitor moclobemide produced intense pathological sexual desire in three men with organic brain disease (two with strokes and one with idiopathic Parkinson s disease) (14). In one man, the hypersexuality was associated with features of pathological jealousy in a paranoid state, but in the other two increased sexuality was an isolated symptom. One of these patients, who had been impotent after the stroke, resorted to telephone sex services, a most uncharacteristic behavior for him. In all cases, the hypersexuality remitted when moclobemide was withdrawn. There have been two previous case reports of moclobemide-induced hypersexuality in women without organic brain disease. This must be a rare adverse effect, but it is possible that in the cases reported here the organic brain disease may have contributed. 

It is as if the paranoid schizophrenic, unable to comprehend or tolerate the stark terrors of his inner world, prematurely redirects his attention to the outside world. In this type of abortive crisis solution, the inner chaos is not, so to speak, worked through or is not capable of being worked through. Since the working through of the inner-world experience turns out to be a primary concern. . . (both for the shaman and for the schizophrenic), the paranoid schizophrenic resolution is considered to be an incomplete one, and the essential, nonparanoid schizophrenic form is therefore regarded as more comparable to that of the shaman, the healed madman. (Silverman 1967)... 

Silverman (cf above. Part One, chapter 2) has noted two types of schizophrenia under the heading of reactive, which he calls essential and paranoid. His descriptions of the symptoms of these two types correspond well to the varieties of unusual ideation we experienced as the major confirmation of our success on the submolecular level in the two weeks following the experiment of March 5,1971. From that date, the normal configurations of both our personalities started a sudden and immediate migration toward these two forms of reactive schizophrenia. In the early morning hours of March 5, shortly after the completion of the vocal experiment outlined in chapter 6, in the space of scarcely more than an hour, one of us entered a progressively more detached state of essential... 

For a diagnosis of schizophrenia, these three phases must last more than six months and must not be due to a mood disorder. Three types of schizophrenia are delineated catatonic (prominent movement disorder), disorganized (severe thought disorganization), and paranoid (prominent paranoid delusions with mild disorganization of thinking). Undifferentiated and residual types are categories for those who do not fit the above three types but have a mix of features. 

Paranoid schizophrenia A type of schizophrenia distinguished by systematic delusions or auditory hallucinations related to one theme (Chapter 13). 

Cocaine is a psychotomimetic drug, sometimes even at system-ically nontoxic doses. A kindling phenomenon has been described with cocaine in which neuronal function becomes altered with each dose of the drug. This causes a type of reverse tolerance with increased receptor sensitivity to cocaine, and psychosis may be caused by doses that formerly did not cause psychosis. The toxic psychosis is characterized by auditory, visual, and frequently tactile hallucinations, paranoid thinking, and looseness of associations. The psychosis is qualitatively very similar to a paranoid schizophrenic psychosis. ... 

According to Carpenter, Conley, and Buchanan (1998), stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines activate the dopaminergic system in the brain, which explains why the abuse of stimulants can induce a paranoid psychosis that mimics the positive symptoms representative of schizophrenia. In turn, if a person who is diagnosed with schizophrenia is given stimulants of this type, the psychosis may be exacerbated. It follows, therefore, that the typical antipsychotic medications act by blocking the dopamine receptors. 

Psychoses are a group of disorders in which patients have a distorted perception of reality and they include reactive psychosis, paranoid/delusional psychosis, some types of mania and schizophrenia. 

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