Parameter variations

In the wide field of applications, a visibility level VL = 3 - 60 is recommended. For our recognition task, we are obliged to take into account that our random conditions are far from the experimental conditions of the basic researches (Young test person with a high visus under ideal environmental conditions) [4]. Furthermore in our case we have a more difficult visual searching task. Parameter variations as the increase of presentation time from 0,2 to 1.0 s. and the detection propability from 50% to 100% are taken into account [5] In spite of the gliding variations of the parameters as well as the visibility level, for simplification let us assume VL = 10 as minimum requirement. 

Use of processes that are less sensitive to critical operating parameter variations. 

The influence of parameter variation is to be investigated (e.g., to optimize a local extract system). 

Parameter variation and optimization If parameter sensitivity is investigated, simulation is cheaper and quicker than experiments. Trends are usually well predicted by computer models. 

It is very strong, even ideal, in parameter variations of a certain situation. 

The last advantage, parameter variations, is in fact common to all the numerical models but is a main advantage over an experimental investigation, as the time effort for changing parameters is very small. 

A general figure cannot be given either, but usually a case of medium-level complexity with a set of 10 parameter variation needs an effort of two to four man-weeks. In any case, a number of cases have to be calculated (say, 5 or 10, not just 1) to gain knowledge about the sensitivity of the flow to the choice of certain parameters. 

Usually, quite a number of parameter variations are needed, and different levels of simplification of the real situation have to be applied at different stages of the design process to draw the desired conclusions. 

The rheological parameter variations with blend compositions are shown in Figs. 4,5 and 6. The variation of relaxation time (Fig. 4) seems to show an increasing pattern up to 40% of NBR, then there is a sharp decrease until 60% of NBR, and finally there is a further increase of relaxation time in the preblends. Preheating of blends, however, results in a longer relaxation time than in the preblends and a maximum at 50 50 ratio at all shear rates. 

The IIEC model was also used to study the importance of various design parameters. Variations in gas flow rates and channeling in the bed are not the important variables in a set of first-order kinetics. The location of the catalytic bed from the exhaust manifold is a very important variable when the bed is moved from the exhaust manifold location to a position below the passenger compartment, the CO emission averaged over the cycle rose from 0.14% to 0.29% while the maximum temperature encountered dropped from 1350 to 808°F. The other important variables discovered are the activation energy of the reactions, the density and heat... 

Thus, as the result of the parameter variation two adjoining cycles approach each other indefinitely and at the limit, A = A0, they coalesce, giving rise to a semistable cycle (US) which disappears, leaving the system free from cycles. 

It would therefore seem that whereas standard sensitivity analysis only gives indications on theoretical single-parameter effects, MCCC would be able to quantify the effective impact that a parameter variation has in real life. However, it is crucial to correctly control the different amounts of... 

Instead of using repeated solution of a suitable eigenvalue equation to optimize the orbitals, as in conventional forms of SCF theory, we have found it more convenient to optimize by a gradient method based on direct evaluation of the ener functional (4), ortho normalization being restored after every parameter variation. Although many iterations are required, the energy evaluation is extremely rapid, the process is very stable, and any constraints on the parameters (e.g. due to spatial symmetry or choice of some type of localization) are very easily imposed. It is also a simple matter to optimize with respect to non-linear parameters such as orbital exponents. 

These objective functions have to be minimised during the optimisation process to maximise the benefit in terms of ecological and economic sustainability. They are calculated on the basis of experimental results obtained for process parameter variations during the... 

The evaluation is carried out in close collaboration with an expert in the particular field of R D or by the researcher himself. At the beginning, a pre-selection of optimisation parameters and a range of parameter variations is made, which at this point rarely represents a starting configuration, and can be varied by considering actual results at any time. 

FIG. 11 Order parameter variation along acyl chains in red cell ghosts ( ), small unilamellar vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine (V), and paraffin oil (+), as determined by the fluorescence anisotropy decay of the w-anthroyloxy fatty acid probes. (Reprinted by permission from Ref. 12.)... 

Of course, as time proceeds and data keeps on accumulating, Pn becomes smaller and smaller and hence, the algorithm becomes insensitive to process parameter variations. 

The structural parameters of the AEO modified by Nd are important to compare, because these oxides constitute the main crystalline phases since Nd203 represents only about 5 mol% of the sample composition. These parameters variations are shown in Fig. 

Figure. 1 Structural parameters variations of the evaporated and sol-gel samples for the main crystalline phases average grain dimension (a), unit cell mass modifications Am (b), lattice microstrain factor (c), lattice profile anisotropy factor AO (d).

The N2-physisorption characterisation results show that, no significant variations (less than 5%) are observed on the BET surface area, the total pore volume and the micropore volume of the different Pd-ZSM-5 catalysts, when the preparation method, the pretreatment gas, the charge-balancing cations and the palladium loading are modified. This result suggests that the ZSM-5 texture is stable with respect to the preparative parameter variations and that the observed activity differences are not related to any... 

Structural parameters. Variations of bond lengths and bond angles in the Cl—N2—C3—N4—C5 moiety as a result of the aforementioned lpN-0c n overlap were introduced into MM2 by deriving conformationally dependent correction terms for r° and 6°. This treatment circumvented the electronegativity correction to bond lengths implemented in MM2-87 (Sections II.B.l and n.C.l). 

B. Energy Level Diagrams and Parameter Variations The Isolated Molecule Method. ... 

We turn now to the use of energy level diagrams in discussing the effect of parameter variations of the kind envisaged in defining reactivity indices. 

Le Page Y, Calvert L. D., and Gabe E. J. (1980). Parameter variation in low-quartz between... 

Based on the prediction for the M3B2 boride, and its observed lattice parameter variation with Fe, Cr and Mo levels, the structure of the Mo-rich phase was reevaluated and clearly shown to be primitive tetragonal of the U3Si2-type (Kim et al. 1990). This work also gave results for ratio of Fe Cr Mo in the various phases which were in excellent agreement with those predicted at 1000°C. 

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