Paramecium

Dryl, S. Behavior and motor responses of Paramecium, in Paramecium, A Current Survey, (van Wagtendonk, W.J., ed.), pp. 165-218, Amsterdam . Elsevier 1974... 

Honig, R.A., M.J. McGinniss, A.L. Buikema, Jr., and J. Cairns, Jr. 1980. Toxicity tests of aquatic pollutants using Chilomonas paramecium Ehrenberg (Flagellata) populations. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25 169-175. 

Immobilization of the protozoan Paramecium caudatum by anthracene, with an EC50 (60 min) of 0.1 pg/L) (USEPA 1980)... 

Croute, F., SoleUhavoup, J. P., Vidal, S., Dupouy, D., and Planel, H., 1982, Extracellular hydrogen peroxide produced under irradiation as the most important factor in the lethahty of gamma-irradiated Paramecium tetraurelia, Int. J. Radial. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chent. Med. 41 209-214. 

LCioo (4-h) for protozoan Paramecium caudatum) 2.9 volume % (Rajini et ah, 1989). 

Echinogammarus tibaldii Paramecium multimicro- LC50 (96-h) -0.66 Pantani et ak, 1997... 

Edmiston, C.E., Jr., Goheen, M., Malaney, G.W., and Mills, W.E. Evaluation of carbamate toxicity acute toxicity in a culture of Paramecium multlmlcronucleatum upon exposure to aldicarb, carbaryl, and mexacarbate as measured by a Warburg respirometry and acute plate assay. Environ. Res., 36(2) 338-350, 1985. 

Rajini, P.S., Krishnakumari, M.K., and Majumder, S.K. Cytotoxicity of certain organic solvents and organophosphorus insecticides to the ciliated protozoan Paramecium caudatum, Microbios, 59(240-241) 157-163,1989. 

As protozoa and nematodes live in pore water in the soil, most of the methods are adapted from toxicity tests designed for aquatic samples. Among the protozoa the tests with cihates Tetrahymena pyriformis, Tetrahymena thermophiia, Colpoda cucullus, Colpoda inflata, Colpoda steinii, Paramecium caudatum, and Paramecium aurelia have been developed [ 102,112-117]. It is the opinion of some authors that the sensitivity of infusorians is higher than that of microorganisms [115,116]. 

Paramecium LIDio < 0.07 0.07 < LIDio < 0.6 IDio 0.6 Nontoxic without... 

The toxicity tests with Paramecium caudatum were carried out in a special plate and examined under a Laboval microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena). The test reaction was the death of the test organisms when exposed to 0.3 mL of test solution for 1 hour, using 10 individuals of Paramecium. Analysis was conducted five times simultaneously. 

Type of sewage sludge Daphnia magna Paramecium caudatum Pseudomonas putida Raphanus sativus Class of hazard... 

Schizosaccharamyces pombe Clr4 and several structures of histone H3 K4-specific methyltransferase SET7/9, SET8/PreSET7 and a viral SET domain protein (referred to as vSET) from Paramecium bursaria chlordla virus 1 (for a recent exhaustive review, see Ref. [74]). 

Citrobacter freundii Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Serratia marcescens Shigella spp. Staphylococcus spp. Streptococcus spp. Candida albicans Saccharomyces cerevisiae Acanthamoeba castellani Paramecium caudatum Tetrahymena pyrifomds... 

The molecules and ions contained within a living organism differ in kind and in concentration from those in the organism s surroundings. A Paramecium in a pond, a shark in the ocean, an erythrocyte in the human bloodstream, an apple tree in an orchard—all are different in composition from their surroundings and, once they have reached maturity, all (to a first approximation) maintain a constant composition in the face of constantly changing surroundings. 

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