Paralytic shellfish toxins , detection

Franco, J. M and Fernandez-Vila P., Separation of paralytic shellfish toxins by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, with postcolumn reaction and fluorimetric detection, Chromatographia, 35, 613,1993. 

Q Paralytic Shellfish Toxins— Pharmacology, and Toxicology Biological Detection Methods... 

Reis Costa, P, Baugh, K.A., Wright, B., RaLonde, R., Nance, S.L Tatarenkova, N, Etheridge, S.M., and Lefevre, KA. (2009) Comparative determination of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) using five different toxin detection methods in shellfish spedes collected in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Toxicon, 54, 313-320. 

The use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the study of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) has facilitated a greater understanding of the biochemistry and chemistry of the toxins involved. HPLC enables the determination of the type and quantity of the PSP toxins present in biological samples. An overview of the HPLC method is presented that outlines the conditions for both separation and detection of the PSP toxins. Examples of the use of the HPLC method in toxin research are reviewed, including its use in the determination of the enzymatic conversion of the toxins and studies on the movement of the toxins up the marine food chain. 

Jellett, J.F., et al.. Detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish tissue using MIST Alert, a new rapid test, in parallel with the regulatory AOAC mouse bioassay, Toxicon, 40, 10, 1407, 2002. 

Louzao, M.C., et al., A fluorimetric microplate assay for detection and quantitation of toxins causing paralytic shellfish poisoning, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 16, 4, 433, 2003. 

CE analysis with direct UV absorbance detection at 200 nm has been described for the separation and detection of underivatized toxins, including saxitoxin, associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (27). Confirmation of the electrophoretic peaks was made by CE/ESI/MS. Saxitoxin and neosaxi-toxin (NEO) were separated using a 20 mM sodium citrate buffer at pH 2.1 yielding a mass LOD of 15 pg (5 xM) for saxitoxin. 

S.J. Locke and P. Thibault, Improvement in detection limits for the determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish tissue using capillary electrophoresis electrospray mass spectrometry and discontinuous buffer systems, Anal. Chem., 66, 3436-3446 (1994). 

Manger, R. L., Leja, L. S., Lee, S. Y, Hungerford, J. M., Kirkpatrick, M. A., Yasumoto, T. and Wekell, M. M. Detection of paralytic shellfish poison by rapid cell bioassay antagonism of voltagegated sodium channel active toxins in vitro. J. AOAC Int., 86, 540-543 (2003). 

Suarez-Isla, B.A. and Velez, P, Paralytic shellfish poisoning. Biological detection methods, m Seafood and Freshwater Toxins Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection (ed. Botana, L.M.). Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000, p. 187. 

Lawrence, J.F. et al.. Quantitative determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish using prechromatographic oxidation and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection interlaboratory study, JAOAC Int 87, 83, 2004. 

Indrasena, W.M. and Gill, T.A., Fluorometric detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins, Anal. Biochem. 264, 230, 1998. 

Rineiro, N. et al.. Capillary electrophoresis with diode array detection as an alternative analytical method for paralytic and amnesic shellfish toxins, J. Chromatogr. A, 847, 223, 1999. 

Okomura, M., Tsuzuk, H., and Tomita, B-I. A rapid detection method for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by cell bioassay. Toxicon, 46, 93, 2005. 

Phycotoxins, also named shellfish toxins, are produced by free-living micro-algae upon which the shellfish feed. The toxins are concentrated in the shellfish, which act as a vector transferring the toxic compounds to the food chain. Control of the presence of these toxins in food is required as they can cause neurotoxic, diarrhetic, paralytic, or amnesic poisoning. LC methods with fluorescence detection are now available for the determination of some of these compounds, such as domoic acid, saxitoxins, okadaic acid, and ciguatoxins. Also, an enzyme inhibition assay has been described for the determination of okadaic acid in mussels using fluorescent endpoint detection. 

Truman P, Lake RJ (1996) Comparison of mouse bioassay and sodium channel cytotoxicity assay for detecting paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish extracts. J AOAC Int... 

Indrasena WM, Gill TA (1998) Fluoiometric detection of paralytic shellfish poismiing toxins. Anal Biochem 264 230-236. doi S0003-2697(98)92843-3 [pii] 10.1006/abio. 1998.2843... 

Radioactivity is a fading trend since it has been replaced by alternative technologies that pose a lower risk (fluorophores, antibodies, etc.). Still, there are several international projects to use radioreceptor assays for some marine toxins, notably PSP (paralytic shellfish poison, saxitoxin, etc.). Detection methods that use radioactive compounds use either antibodies (radioimmunoassay [32]) or receptors (radioreceptor assay [33]). 

AO AC, Method 2005.06 Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish. Prechromatographic oxidation and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Method 2005.06 (2005) first action. 

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