Paralleling foils

A 0.5 mm diameter Lindemann glass capillary of sample I was mounted on the powder diffractometer at station 2.3 at CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Synchrotron Radiation Source and room temperature synchrotron X-ray data were collected. The mean wavelength used was 1.2999 A and data were collected from 6 to 80° 20. The diffractometer operated with a Si(lll) monochromator, parallel foils prior to the detector and a scintillation detector. The sample was spun during data collection to minimise preferred orientation and sampling effects. Data were collected on sample II in a similar manner but at a wavelength of 1.3000 A. 

Figure 2.9 A typical X ray slit is shown in the photograph on the left. The size of the slit is indicated in degrees here (0.3°), though sometimes it is given in mm. Seller collimators are shown on the right. These consist of a set of fine parallel foils that prevent angular divergence of the beam out of the OjlO plane.

Gupta, S.C. and Y.M. Gupta (1984), Response of Ytterbium Foils Oriented Parallel and Perpendicular to the Shock Front, in Shock Waves in Condensed Matter— 1983 (edited by J.R. Asay, R.A. Graham, and G.K. Straub) Elsevier Science, New York, pp. 237-238. 

To evaluate compound solubility, a /.iPLC system equipped with a cartridge containing 24 parallel columns (80 x 0.5 mm (inner diameter equivalent)) was employed. Sets of calibration standards were prepared for 24 compounds at different concentrations (in a 50 50 CH3CN H20 solvent). A maximum standard concentration of 500 jt/M was selected to maintain the amount of DMSO co-solvent in all samples and standards below 5% v/v to minimize possible solubility enhancements due to the presence of DMSO when working with stock solutions provided at 10 mM in DMSO. Standards were added to the appropriate wells of a 384-well plate. The plate was covered with a heat seal foil and transferred to the /./PI.C system for analysis. Figure 6.26 depicts the process for preparation of standards 95 /./I. of a buffer of desired pH were added to the appropriate wells. An additional 5, uL of each compound at a concentration of lOmM (in DMSO) was added to the corresponding wells. The plate was shaken for 90 min and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 3 min. 

If both electrodes have to be made of materials, that are available only as foils or sheets or are not machinable, or for example, for materials, such as graphite felt, a cell design like the one in Fig. 9 is not realizable. Inlet and outlet systems have to be integrated in the electrolyte compartments. The parallel-plate and frame design of a laboratory flow-trough cell in Fig. 10 consists of easy-to-produce parts, using the fixing method for PTFE tubes in Fig. 4. 

Consider a single-crystal its crystal structure belongs to one of the 32 point groups and prepare a thin foil for electron microscopy with the shape of a perfect parallel slab. Depending on the way this slab is cut from the single-crystal, 31 different types of specimen can be obtained if symmetry elements are taken into account. These 31 types of specimen will give 31 different types of diffraction pattern named diffraction groups. 

Attempts were also made to observe emission spectra of CO chemisorbed on platinum by wrapping one rod with platinum foil and enclosing it in a gas-tight cell. These efforts were not successful. The significance of these failures has not been determined. It was possible that the foil was not covered by a layer of CO or that the intensity of the emission bands of chemisorbed CO are not as great as those of the corresponding absorption bands. The failure may also have been due to the orientation of the CO molecules. If they were oriented perpendicular to the surface, the radiation would be emitted perpendicular to the direction of the change of dipole moment and would be parallel with the surface of the rod, so that little would enter the slits of the spectrometer. 

One hundred milliliters of a saturated solution of barium chloride is placed in a 250-ml. beaker, and 250 g. of pure mercury is added. Electrical contact with the latter, serving as the cathode, is made by means of a platinum wire fused through the end of a glass tube. A platinum foil (5 to 10 sq. cm.) bent at right angles, but parallel to the mercury cathode, is used as the anode. 

A PtOEP-doped polystyrol layer was spread on a transparent polyester support with a thickness of 125 xm. After evaporation of the solvent, 3-5 pm thick sensor films were obtained. Circular spots were punched out of the sensor foil and fixed at the bottom of microtiter plate wells. These ready-for-use sensor arrays can be applied for a parallel determination of p(>2 in aqueous solution in multiplexed samples. The read-out of the sensor arrays was performed by means of ratiometric imaging via the RLI method shown in Fig. 4. 

Europium tetracycline and GOx can be coadsorbed on hydrophilic sensor membranes as described in Sect. 2.4, adding up to ready-for-use glucose-sensitive luminescent foils. These can be implemented in microwell plate formats for a parallel screening of different samples [114]. Figure 18 shows eight adjacent wells of the plate spotted with differently concentrated glucose solutions in MOPS buffer, and the resulting calibration plot of the sensor. 

In the model pump, a LHe cryopanel (90 cm x 90 cm) made of silver-plated stainless steel is shielded at the rear by a parallel LN2-cooled wall, polished on the panel side and, facing the vacuum system, by a LN2-cooled chevron baffle (with a gas transmission of 20%). The He cryopanel is supplied from a stainless steel LHe reservoir (A = 1.75 m2), wrapped in A1 foil and protected by a LN2 radiation shield of equal area. 

Rs (Figure 1.22a). The double layer capacitance is represented by the capacitance C, and Rs is the series resistance of the EDLC, also named the equivalent series resistance (ESR). This series resistance shows the nonideal behavior of the system. This resistance is the sum of various ohmic contributions that can be found in the system, such as the electrolyte resistance (ionic contribution), the contact resistance (between the carbon particles, at the current collector/carbon film interface), and the intrinsic resistance of the components (current collectors and carbon). Since the resistivity of the current collectors is low when A1 foils or grids are used, it is generally admitted that the main important contribution to the ESR is the electrolyte resistance (in the bulk and in the porosity of the electrode) and to a smaller extent the current collector/active film contact impedance [25,26], The Nyquist plot related to this simple RC circuit presented in Figure 1.22b shows a vertical line parallel to the imaginary axis. 

The basic principle of the DAC is extremely simple [6,7] an anvil is made of a brilliant cut diamond with the tip cut to form a small flat part, the culet. In a DAC, two such anvils are placed in front of each other, with the culets parallel. The experimental volume is a cylindrical hole drilled in a metallic foil, the gasket. In that volume are the sample, a pressure gauge, normally a ruby chip, whose luminescence is calibrated versus pressure, and a pressure transmitting medium whose function is to ensure the stresses on the sample are as homogeneous as possible (FIGURE 2). All DACs work with the same principle. They differ only in the way the force is applied on the diamonds. 

Rymer and Butler (32) found that the lattice parameter of a very thin gold foil parallel to its surface is less than that of macroscopic gold crystals. 

Faraday box (cage, shield) — A grounded metallic box that houses and therefore protects the electrolytic cell (- galvanic cell) and the unshielded parts of the cables from outside electrical radiation. This box minimizes the electric - noise in the measured signal and is especially useful in the cases of very low concentrations of -> electrode-reaction substrates and of high resistance of the solution. The most popular design of it is based on a carton box covered with aluminum foil. Can be also built of wire mesh or as a series of parallel wires. 

Brewster polarizers functioning in transmission consist of several plates or foils of high refractive index ordered in a holder at the Brewster angle. The plates (foils) consequently eliminate the perpendicular component of radiation thus filtering the parallel component. Old constructions with fragile selenium foils are known. Other constructions use silver bromide or KRS-5. The side displacement of the beam by the plates is compensated for, making use of the symmetric constructions displayed in Fig. 3.2-7c. 

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