Parallel load resistance

Load inductance Load resistance Load parallel capacitance Load parallel resistance... 

The bank was made of 32 series connections of six parallel DLC rated at 800F, 2.5 VDC and a series resistance of less than 2mO. The complete bank presented a capacitance of 150 F, a series resistance of lOmQ, and a nominal voltage of 80 V. To fulfill all the requirements, the DLC module is connected in parallel with a battery of about a third of the size of the original one. The 60 kg module has provided a peak current of 2060 A it does mean about 350 A in each DLC. The peak power delivered into the starter, limited by the load resistance, was 107 kW, which corresponds to a... 

Fig. 2 Current sources applied to a load resistance, (a) Source constructed from a battery and resistor and (b) an equivalent representation of an ideal current source and a parallel source resistance.

Voltage followers are used to buffer the output of voltage sources. An unbuffered voltage source is loaded when a load causes current to flow from the source. In Fig. 5(a), a battery and a potentiometer are used to construct a variable voltage source. In the presence of a load resistance, the load parallels a portion of the potentiometer, changing the parallel portion of the potentiometer resistance to Rp = + l)- This causes the... 

From the mains and our use of batteries, we are well acquainted with the constant amplitude voltage supply. The ideal voltage supply has zero internal resistance. It supplies the set voltage from no load (load resistance oo, open circuit) to full load (minimum load resistance and maximum current). Two ideal voltage sources cannot be coupled in parallel. In series, the voltages are added. 

The ideal current supply has infinite internal resistance. It supplies the set current from no load (load resistance 0 Q, short circuit) to full load (maximum load resistance and maximum voltage). To leave a current supply open-circuited is the same as leaving a voltage supply short-circuited. Two ideal ciurent sources cannot be coupled in series. In parallel, the currents are added. 

Orientation of polymer molecules in the wall of pipes can be used to add strength in the more highly stressed directions. Burst resistance can be increased by peripheral orientation (hoop direction) and tensile loading resistance in the axial direction can be increased by orientation parallel to the direction of extrusion. The combination of these is beneficial for many pipe applications and is referred to as biaxial orientation. This was recognised relatively early in the development of PE pipe extrusion technology and Hoechst the PE supply company worked with the extruder manufacturer Rieffenhauser on methods of creating biaxial orientation in [59]. 

With the exception of photon counters in the visible and near infrared and background-limited detectors in the LWIR, additive electric circuit noise usually dominates the noise output from a detection system. The noise arises in the load resistance, R, of Fig. 2(b) as well as in the elements of the following amplifier. Sometimes called Johnson noise, after its discoverer in the late 1920s, the current fluctuation arises from the random thermal motion of electrons in the resistors and transistors in the circuit. The resistor noise can be represented by a parallel current source whose mean square value and Gaussian probability distribution are... 

Discharge of a Capacitor into a Paraiiei Load Resistance, Rp. A complementary and simple way of evaluating C is from the time-dependence of voltage across C when C is allowed to be discharged through a constant, parallel resistance, R.. 

Power ampliher bandwidth is restricted by the equivalent load resistance across the parallel tuned circuits in the stage. Tuned circuits are necessary to cancel the low reactive impedance presented by the relatively high input and output capacitances of the amplifying device. The bandwidth for a single tuned circuit is proportional to the ratio of capacitive reactance Xc to load resistance Ri appearing across the tuned circuit... 

In the resonant domain the sensitivity, fi equency and bandwidth depend on the load. With an increasing load resistance the resonant frequency moves from the series resonance to the parallel resonance. The bandwidth or damping of the resonator runs through a maximum if the impedance of load and sensor capacitance exhibit approximately the same values. With additional inductive adjustment a continuous tuning of the resonant behaviour is possible. 

If the detector is connected to a load consisting of a parallel RC circuit (with a load resistance and a load capacity Ct), a voltage responsitivity can be defined in a similar manner (163 ... 

Noise arises in semiconductor detectors from several mechanisms. Johnson noise is found in all resistive elements. It has already been discussed in coimection with thermal detectors [see Subsection 5.1 l.b and Eq. (5.11.20)]. If the load resistance in the circuit is larger than the detector resistance, the Johnson noise of the detector element dominates because load and detector act electrically in parallel as far as the noise properties are concerned. 

Johnson Noise. From an AC point of view, the load resistor is in parallel with the detector, so large load resistances will produce less Johnson noise in the circuit than lower values. Specific Johnson noise formulas are presented in Section 4.6.2. 

Fig. 8.4 Equivalent circuit for an organic photovoltaic device. The photocurrent (Iph) opposes the diode current (Ip). The series and parallel resistances, Rs and Rp respectively, should be minimised and maximised respectively for optimum performance. Rp denotes the load resistance...

Series resistance factor 0 Parallel conductance factor 100 Source resistance 100 Load resistance 1.0 Step value of source voltage... 

Considerable stray currents can, of course, be caused by dc-driven cranes that load and unload ships where the rails act as the return conductor for the current. The rails run parallel to the harbor basin, quay walls of steel-reinforced concrete or steel piling walls. These can take up a large part of the stray current and conduct it further because of their small longitudinal resistance. Noticeable stray current inter-... 

When a craze occurs around a rubber droplet the droplet is stressed not only in a direction parallel to the applied stress but also in the plane of the craze perpendicular to the applied stress (see Figure 3.9). Such a triaxial stress leading to dilation of the particle would be resisted by the high bulk modulus of the rubber, which would thus become load bearing. The fracture initiation stress of a polyblend should not therefore be substantially different from that of a glass. 

The load (or instmment) impedance is connected in parallel with Z2 and should be very much larger than Z2 if accuracy is to be maintained. If D.C. voltages are involved then the impedances can be purely resistive and, in the steady state, any leakage inductance or capacitance has no... 

The connection of AA-size cells in parallel can replace larger cells (e.g., D-size cells). Four AA cells fit into a D-size can, and six AA-cells are in equivalent weight to a D-cell [27]. The utilization of the Mn02 cathode is considerably improved because the cathode thickness is only 2 mm in a AA cell, but 5 mm in a D-cell. The internal resistance is also lower by a factor of 4 to 6. Figure 11 depicts a 5 PxlO S bundle battery five AA cells in parallel = 1 bundle, 10 bundles in series make a (nominal) 12 V battery. It is used as the power source for a transmitter/receiver service. A typical load profile is 2 A for 1 min, 0.33 A for 9 min average load, 0.5 A per bundle or 0.1 A per cell service, about 15 h. Smaller bundle batteries (with 2x9 cells) are very suitable for notebook-computers 18 AA cells weight 0.36 kg, and the total initial capacity is 32 Wh. 

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