Pancreatic staging

In pancreatic cancer, receptor and ligand expression were localized to the cytoplasm of malignant cells but still correlated positively with advanced stage, proliferation, and angiogenesis (47). 

Alpha amylases cause a rapid fragmentation of starch with an accompanying marked decrease in viscosity of the starch solutions. Therefore, viscosity determinations may be used to follow the early stages in the hydrolysis of starch by these amylases. Afthough this type of measurement is of considerable importance for certain industrial applications, it has not been used to any great extent in investigations with pancreatic amylase. 

The addition of more pancreatic amylase to reaction mixtures that had been dialyzed during the hydrolysis and that had reached stages of... 

Tables XI and XII summarize data obtained by Myrback86 for the hydrolysis of amylose by purified maltase-free malted barley alpha amylase. The hydrolysis curve with this linear substrate is much the same as those obtained with unfractionated starches, and also is similar to the curves representing the hydrolysis of amylose by pancreatic amylase.41 The flattening of the hydrolysis curves during the later stages (86) K. H. Meyer and P. Bernfeld, Helv. Chim. Acta, 24, 359E (1941).

The hydrolysis of triacylglycerol is catalysed by lipases, two of which are present in the stomach. These are lingual lipase, which is secreted by the soft palate, and gastric lipase, which is secreted by the gastric glands of the stomach. Gastric lipase is particnlarly important in the newborn since, at this stage of life, pancreatic secretions contain relatively little lipase. 

Fernandez-del Castillo CL, Warshaw AL. Pancreatic cancer. Laparoscopic staging and peritoneal cytology. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 1998 7(1) 135—142. 

Insulin injections are not normally needed to manage blood glucose levels in persons with type 2 diabetes, except In those with advanced-stage disease when pancreatic insulin production is extremely low and patients benefit from supplemental insulin. 

The answer is A. Recent research has revealed that excess visceral fat deposits secrete several factors that have direct effects on the brain as well as directly on muscle to produce peripheral insulin resistance. Some of these newly identified factors are leptin, re-sistin, and adiponectin, whose mechanisms of action are still under active investigation. Death of pancreatic beta cells is a hallmark feature of type 1 diabetes and may occur only in very advanced stages of type 2 diabetes. Excess adipose in the thighs and buttocks does not contribute as strongly to insulin resistance as does visceral fat, presumably due to a lower level of endocrine activity of such fat depots. Dysfunction of liver lipid metabolism is more a consequence of excess activity of adipose than a cause of insulin resistance. A sedentary lifestyle contributes to build-up of excess fat stores but does not act directly to induce insulin resistance. 

Cell destruction during the development of IDDM is the result of autoimmune processes. Considerable evidence supports the autoimmune nature of IDDM. This evidence includes (1) observation of lymphocyte infiltration into pancreatic islets in biopsy specimens taken from patients in early stages of IDDM (2) the identification of islet-cell autoantibodies from patients with IDDM ... 

Fire-toxin, as a pathological product as well as a pathogenic factor, can accumulate in the intestines. Fire-toxin should be eliminated as soon as possible, especially before long-term accumulation and when the blood is not strongly disturbed, in order to prevent further development of disease, such as in chronic mild infections of the intestines, or at the primary stage of acute appendicitis, acute pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis, hepatitis and ulcer perforation and inflammation. 

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