Panax saponins structures

Yoshikawa, M., Morikawa, T., Yashiro, K., Murakami, T., Yamahara, J., and Matsuda, H. (2001). Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XIX. Notoginseng (3) Immunological adjuvant activity of notoginsenosides and related saponins Structures of notoginsenosides-L, -M, and -N from the roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 49, 1452-1456. 

Sun, H., Yang, Z., and Ye, Y. (2006). Structure and biological activity of protopanaxatriol-type saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Int. Immunopharmacol. 6,14-25. 

Publications on the structure and analytical detection of saponins of Panax ginseng and the effect of ginseng on cholesterol synthesis and pyruvate kinase activity in rats have appeared. New saponins include ginsenosides Rhi (46) and... 

Panax spp., especially Panax ginseng, are purported to possess various health benefit qualities. In oriental countries it has been used as a traditional panacea for numerous health disorders for several centuries. Saponins are generally recognised as the main effective components of ginseng. Because of their close similarities in terms of structure they offer a real challenge to the analytical chemist in terms of separation. Furthermore, the relative complexity of their structures makes them perfect candidates for in-depth structural characterisation work by NMR. 

The ethanol extract from the fruit of Randia siamensis after separation by column chromatography yielded four components ursolic acid (1), pseudoginsenoside-RPi (2), pseudoginsenoside-RTi (3) and siamenoside (4). 1 is a conunonly occurring triterpenoid acid while 2 and 3 are saponins which were first isolated from Panax (Araliaceae) species and were identified by Tanaka et al. (198S). The major component isolated in our study, oleanolic acid glycoside 3, has since been reported to be present in additional species (Morita et al., 1986 Shukla and Thakur, 1988 Shukla, 1989 Ida et al., 1994 Sakai et al., 1994). In the structural elucidation of the four components from R. siamensis, NMR spectroscopy was foimd to be... 

Figure 12. Crystal structure 3 of a saponin hydrolyzate obtained from Panax notoginseng-, a) atomic distances in pm b) bond angles in ° (grad) c,d) stereo pictures without (c) and with (d) vibrational ellipsoids of atoms for viewing the three-dimensional picture of molecular structure with...

As regards the chemical constituents of Panax spp., the presence of saponins in American Ginseng was reported as early as 1854 (7). Since the beginning of this century, a number of Japanese, European and Korean chemists have concerned themselves with isolation and structure elucidation of Ginseng saponins these include Asahina (2), Kondo (i), Kotake (4 Wagner-Jauregg (5), Horhammer (6) and their coworkers. However, even the basic skeleton of the major sapogenin was not characterized until 1960. 

Zhou, J., M. Wu, S. Taniyasu, H. Besso, O. Tanaka, Y. Saruwatari, and T. Fuwa Dammarane-saponins of Sanchi-Ginseng, Roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen (Araliaceae) Structures of New Saponins, Notoginsenosides-Rl and -R2, and Identification of Ginsenosides-Rg2 and -Rhi. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Japan) 29, 2844 (1981). 

Kondo, N., J. Shoji, and O. Tanaka Studies on the Constituents of Himalayan Ginseng, Panax pseudo-ginseng I. The Structures of the Saponins (1). Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Japan) 21, 2702 (1973). 

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