Lipid saponifiable

The term lipid includes all compounds that release fatty acids on digestion, so that this definition is more extensive than that of fat. Compounds which are insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents but not derived from fatty acids have been termed non-saponifiable lipids. They include steroids, terpenes and ubiquinone. 

Nichols, P. D., Mooney, B. D., and Elliott, N. G. (2001). Unusually high levels of non-saponifiable lipids in fishes escolar and rudderfish identification by gas and thin-layer chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 936,183-191. 

Lipids are substances of biological origin that are soluble in non-polar solvents. There are saponifiable lipids, such as acylglycerols (fats and oils), waxes and phospholipids, as well as non-saponifiable compounds, principally steroids. 

Gopalakrishnan, M., Narayanan, C.S. and Grenz, M. (1990) Non-saponifiable lipid constituents of cardamom. journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 38(12), 21 33-2166. 

The processes by which a lipid is broken down or by which it is built are quite complicated. The liver can convert fats into blood sugar, or glucose. Very specific and very effective en mes are involved in the many steps of the processes. As a group, these enzymes are called lipases. There is one group of lipids that are not easily broken down. These non-saponifiable lipids are the steroids and carotenoids. Carotenoids are red or yellow pigments found cells involved in photosynthesis. 

Replacing saponification, triacylglycerols and other saponifiable lipids can be removed by chromatographic techniques. For example, saponifiable lipids were removed from vegetable oils by solid-phase extraction with silica cartridges with 98% recoveries of tocopherols (Lechner et al., 1999), and a-tocopheryl acetate was extracted from emulsified nutritional supplements by solid-phase extraction with octadecyl silica cartridges with >90% recoveries (Iwase, 2000). 

Barnes, PJ. 1983. Non-Saponifiable Lipids in Cereals, in Lipids in Cereal Technology. Barnes, PJ. (ed.). London, UK Academic Press, pp. 33-55. 

L. Sternberg, M.J. DeNiro, H. Ajie (1984) Stable hydrogen isotope ratios of saponifiable lipids and cellulose nitrate from CAM, C3 and C plants. Phytochem. 23, 2475-2477... 

Bound aliphatic hydrocarbons comprised 7 of the saponifiable lipid (<1 to 15 ug/g). Unbound/bound ratios of <1 to 67 of this hydrocarbon fraction, with the exception of 603B-29-1, agree with values reported in other studies (, 37). Bound alkane distributions were dominated by C or C-, (Figure 3). Even-carbon predominance of alkanes is an anomaly, but distributions similar to those in the present study have been observed in other North Atlantic deep-sea sediments ( 29). The source of these compounds, however, is unknown. 

Sediments were Soxhlet extracted with acetone/hexane and the extract was concentrated (1 ). Biota samples were extracted by aqueous KOH digestion followed by extraction of non-saponifiable lipids Into ethyl ether ( ). 

Numerous applications are now encountered where FA chromatographic profiles of a human physiological fluid or tissue are correlated to certain pathological conditions. A few representative examples will now be mentioned that include both free (non-esterified) FA and the saponified lipids. The identification of a methyl-branched FA (phytanic acid) in plasma of the patients with Refsum s disease [360] is now a widely known example of the power of GC in studying various metabolic defects. The profiles of FA from brain ti.ssue lipids were investigated for various neurological disorders [361,362] and in experimental animals [363]. Tichy et al. [364] determined FA in different lipids isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid while the FA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid differ from those in blood serum, no obvious correlations between the FA composition and human neurological complications were established at this time. 

Lipids are categorized into hydrolyzable saponifiable) and nonhydrolyzable (nonsaponifiiable) lipids. Hydrolyzable lipids contain at least one ester group, which undergoes hydrolysis in the presence of an acid, a base, or an enzyme. Hydrolysis by base is referred to as saponification. Hydrolysis cleaves a saponifiable lipid into two or more smaller molecules. Nonhydrolyzable lipids do not undergo hydrolytic cleavage into smaller molecules. 

Fatty acids are the carboxylic acids used as building blocks for saponifiable lipids. Only very small amounts of fatty acids are found in uncombined form in nature. Several dozen different fatty acids have been isolated from various plant and animal lipids. Table 19-1 lists the most important fatty acids, all of which have a long hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxyl (COOH) group. 

Problem 19.4. What are the common structural features of the fatty acids used to synthesize saponifiable lipids in plants and animals (refer to Table 19-1) ... 

Bile salts Facilitate digestion of saponifiable lipids facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) in intestinal tract... 

Problem 19.59. The sodium salt of cholic acid, one of the bile salts, aids the digestion (i.e., accelerates the rate) of saponifiable lipids. What mechanism is responsible for this action of the bile salts ... 

Prior to discussing the chemical structures and properties of the saponifiable lipids, it is useful to first describe the chemistry of fatty acids, the fundamental building blocks of many lipids. Fatty acids (defined in Section 5.1) are long-chain carboxylic acids, as shown in I Figure 8.4. It is the long nonpolar tails of fatty acids that are responsible for... 

What functional group is common to all saponifiable lipids 8.4 Classify the following as saponifiable or nonsaponifiable lipids 8.14 Ehaw the structure of a triglyceride that contains one myristic acid, one palmitoleic acid, and one Unoleic acid. Identify the ester bonds. 

Fats belong to the class of organic compounds represented by the general formula, RCOOR, where R and R represent hydrocarbon groups. What is the name of the functional group present in fats What functional group is common to all saponifiable lipids ... 

What functional group is common to all saponifiable lipids ... 

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