Paints proteins

Electroultrafiltration has been demonstrated on clay suspensions, electrophoretic paints, protein solutions, oil—water emulsions, and a variety of other materials. Flux improvement is proportional to the appHed electric field E up to some field strength E where particle movement away from the membrane is equal to the Hquid flow toward the membrane. There is no gel-polarization layer and (in theory) flux equals the theoretical permeate flux. It... 

According to the predominant component, the binders are usually divided into protein, oil, polysaccharide, and resin binders. In this section we shall focus on protein binders but it is worth mentioning that in the majority of natural non-protein binders a minority protein component is usually present as well. Thus many of the analytical techniques described here can be (with certain limitations) applied to them as well. Although in colour layers of artworks and particularly in paintings protein binders are relatively abundant (up to 10%), their identification is often limited by a small amount of sample that is usually available for analysis (tens or hundreds of micrograms at most [6]). 

Electroultrafiltration has been demonstrated on clay suspensions, electrophoretic paints, protein solutions, oil-water emulsions, and a variety of other materials. 

Even the van Oss-Good theory has been criticized, e.g. due to the very high basic values, but despite that it has found wide applicability in describing interfacial phenomena (interactions) involving polymers, paints, proteins and other complex systems (like polymer surface characterization, CMC determination of surfactants, protein adsorption, cell adhesion, enzyme-substrate interactions). 

Laser desorption methods are particularly useful for substances of high mass such as natural and synthetic polymers. Glycosides, proteins, large peptides, enzymes, paints, ceramics, bone, and large... 

Traditional appHcations for latices are adhesives, binders for fibers and particulate matter, protective and decorative coatings (qv), dipped goods, foam, paper coatings, backings for carpet and upholstery, modifiers for bitumens and concrete, and thread and textile modifiers. More recent appHcations include biomedical appHcations as protein immobilizers, visual detectors in immunoassays (qv), as release agents, in electronic appHcations as photoresists for circuit boards, in batteries (qv), conductive paint, copy machines, and as key components in molecular electronic devices. 

Also, pilot plant and laboratory scale anaerobic studies have demonstrated successful treatment of wastewaters of 5,000 to 50,000 mg/L GOD from corn chips containing soluble and colloidal corn starch and protein, cheese whey, organic chemicals, food, bakeiy, breweiy, paper mill foul condensate, paint, and numerous other hazardous anci non-hazardous materials. 

Chemicals are ubiquitous as air, carbohydrates, enzymes, lipids, minerals, proteins, vitamins, water, and wood. Naturally occurring chemicals are supplemented by man-made substances. There are about 70000 chemicals in use with another 500-1000 added each year. Their properties have been harnessed to enhance the quality of life, e.g. cosmetics, detergents, energy fuels, explosives, fertilizers, foods and drinks, glass, metals, paints, paper, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, plastics, rubber, solvents, textiles thus chemicals are found in virtually all workplaces. Besides the benefits, chemicals also pose dangers to man and the environment. For example ... 

The largest industrial use of ultrafiltration is the recovery of paint from water-soluble coat bases (primers) applied by the wet electrodeposition process (electrocoating) in auto and appliance factories. Many installations of this type are operating around the world. The recovery of proteins in cheese whey (a waste from cheese processing) for dairy applications is the second largest application, where a... 

Polymers have been part of nature since the beginning of life. For example, proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides found in plants and animals are polymers. Today, man-made polymers are part of our lifestyle, providing clothing, paints, furniture, carpets, building materials, etc. 

Proteins Egg, milk and casein, animal glue, silk, wool, vegetable proteins (e.g. garlic, beans), human and animal tissues (e.g. mummies) Paint binders, adhesives, textiles, commodities, parchment... 

S. Keck, T. Peters, Identification of protein containing paint media by quantitative amino acid analysis, Studies in Conservation, 14, 75 82 (1969). 

MALDI-MS Applied to the Analysis of Protein Paint Binders... 

Egg yolk and white were used in paintings either separated or, more often, together. Egg or egg yolk temperas served as the most common protein binders in colour layers of artworks. Egg white alone was used in book illustrations, but it was usually not involved in other artworks because colour layers containing it were too fragile. Egg yolk in temperas has always been popular because of the higher content of lipids, which make the layers elastic and increases their adhesion to the surface. 

Proteins in Colour Layers of Easel Paintings, Murals, Polychrome Statues, etc. 

In the last decade, modem biochemical methods have been used for analysis of protein binders [20,21] in one case a group led by A. Heginbotham identified egg proteins in a seventeenth century painting using immunofluorescent microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [20]. 

The fascinating experience with 1000-year-old mortar, in which the protein concentration was extremely low, has shown that by using this method it is possible to work in fields where other methods fail. In the case of easel paintings, small samples are usually available the advantage of the method described here also lies in the true microdestructive character. Moreover, as most samples, mainly in the case of paintings, often contain more than one proteinaceous binder (see e.g. E. Munch Portrait of Friedrich Nietzsche , Section 6.4.3), it is very encouraging that the PMM allows the simultaneous determination of at least two of them. 

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