Pacific Ocean total

Peltzer, E. T. and Hayward, N. A. (1996). Spatial and temporal variability of total organic carbon along 140 W in the equatorial Pacific Ocean in 1992. Deep-Sea Res. II43, 1155-1180. 

Soo [96] determined picogram amounts of bismuth in seawater by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation. The bismuth is reduced in solution by sodium borohydride to bismuthine, stripped with helium gas, and collected in situ in a modified carbon rod atomiser. The collected bismuth is subsequently atomised by increasing the atomiser temperature and detected by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The absolute detection limit is 3pg of bismuth. The precision of the method is 2.2% for 150 pg and 6.7% for 25 pg of bismuth. Concentrations of bismuth found in the Pacific Ocean ranged from < 0.003-0.085 (dissolved) and 0.13-0.2 ng/1 (total). 

Liver vs. kidney, total chlordanes Dali s porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli North Pacific Ocean 1980-82 blubber Max. 38 FW vs. Max. 25 FW 109... 

Another indication that the use of reference materials has improved oceanographic data quality can be seen by examining the degree of agreement between measurements for deep water masses obtained where two separate cruises intersect. Lamb et al. (2002) examined this in detail for cruises in the Pacific Ocean and showed that the measurements of total DIC (for cruises where reference materials were available) typically agreed to within 2 pmol/kg (Fig. 2.3). This is in sharp contrast to the required adjustments to previous oceanic carbon data sets over the years. 

Vertical concentration profiles of (a) temperature, (b) potential density, (c) salinity, (d) O2, (e) % saturation of O2, (f) bicarbonate and TDIC, (g) carbonate alkalinity and total alkalinity, (h) pH, (i) carbonate, ( ) carbon dioxide and carbonic acid concentrations, and (k) carbonate-to-bicarbonate ion concentration ratio. Curves labeled f,p have been corrected for the effects of in-situ temperature and pressure on equilibrium speciation. Curves labeled t, 1 atm have been corrected for the in-situ temperature effect, but not for that caused by pressure. Data from 50°27.5 N, 176°13.8 W in the North Pacific Ocean on June 1966. Source From Culberson, C., and R. M. Pytkowicz (1968). Limnology and Oceanography, 13, 403-417. 

Of the simple alkyl nitrates, methyl nitrate is present in the highest concentration. For example, in measurements made in Schauinsland, a rural area in Germany, concentrations of CH30N02 up to 216 ppt were measured. The median value, however, was only 19 ppt (Flocke et al., 1998). In the same studies, the median concentrations for ethyl nitrate, n-propyl nitrate, 2-pro-pyl nitrate, and 1-butyl nitrate were 9, 3, 12, and 2 ppt, respectively. The sum of the C,-C8 alkyl nitrates averaged 120 ppt, which is only 3% of the NO. Similarly, in rural Ontario, Canada, 17 different organic nitrates were identified in air, but their sum was only 0.5-3% of NOj. (O Brien et al., 1995). In aircraft measurements over the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii, average values for methyl nitrate near the surface were 6 ppt and the sum of C,-C5 alkyl nitrates was <5% of the total NO, (Ridley et al., 1997). 

In addition, there is an obseived correlation between total column ozone and the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical troposphere, with decreases in total ozone in middle and sometimes polar latitudes following the ENSO by several months the period associated with the ENSO is 43 months (Zerefos et al., 1992). While the association between the ENSO and ozone is not well understood, it has been proposed that the warming of the troposphere in the tropics over the Pacific Ocean causes increases in the upper troposphere air temperatures and tropopause height and an upwelling in the lower stratosphere. If sufficiently large, this could have more widespread impact than just in the tropics (e.g., see Zerefos et al., 1992 and Kalicharran et al., 1993). 

Miao, X., Swenson, C., Woodward, L.A., Li, Q.C., 2000. Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in marine species from French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean. Sci. Total Environ. 257, 17-28. 

Figure 12.2 Observations of total inorganic carbon, nitrate, total inorganic phosphorus, oxygen and H+ in the North Pacific Ocean a ef a/., in prep.). The total inorganic-carbon concentration in this figure is also shown resolved into its components, HCO3, CO and H cal axes here and in subsequent figures give depth in kilometres. Dominant species of each element are shown adjacent to each figure.

Nakayama, E., Kimoto, T., Isshiki, K., Sohrin, Y. and Okazaki, S. (1989) Determination and distribution of iodide and total-iodine in the North Pacific Ocean by using a new automated electrochemical method. Mar. Chem., 27, 105-116. 

Betzer et al. (1984, 1986) studied the sedimentation of pteropods and foraminifera in the North Pacific. Their sediment trap results confirmed that considerable dissolution of pteropods was taking place in the water column. They calculated that approximately 90% of the aragonite flux was remineralized in the upper 2.2 km of the water column. Dissolution was estimated to be almost enough to balance the alkalinity budget for the intermediate water maximum of the Pacific Ocean. It should be noted that the depth for total dissolution in the water column is considerably deeper than the aragonite compensation depth. This is probably due to the short residence time of pteropods in the water column because of their rapid rates of sinking. 

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