P intestinal

Wagner, D., Spahn-Langguth, H., Hanafy, A., Koggel, A., Langguth, P., Intestinal drug efflux formulation and food effects, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2001, 50, S13-S31. 

Kett K, Baklien K, Bakken A, Krai JG, Fausa O, Brandtzaeg P Intestinal B-cell isotype response in relation to local bacterial load Evidence for immunoglobulin A subclass adaptation. Gastroenterology 1995 109 819-825. 

Phan CT and Tso P. Intestinal Lipid Absorption and Transport. Front Biosci 2001 6 D299-D319. 

Deferme S, Van GelderJ, Ingels F, Van den Mooter G, De Buck S, Balzarini J, Naesens L, De Clercq E, Kinget R, and Augustijns P. Intestinal Absorption Characteristics of the Low Solubility Thiocarboxanilide UC-781. Int J Pharm 2002 234 113-119. 

Kedinger M, Haffen K, Simon-Assmann P. Intestinal tissue and cell cultures. Differentiation 1987 36 71-85. 

Andlauer W, Stumpf C, Fiirst P. Intestinal absorption of rutin in free and conjugated forms. Biochem Pharmacol 2001 62 369-374. 

CgHijClNjOj. Colourless, hygroscopic, m.p. 2I0-212 C (decomp.). Prepared from fi-chloroethyl carbamate and trimethylamine. It has a physiological action similar to that of acetylcholine, but more prolonged, as it is less readily hydrolysed. It is used for intestinal atony following operations, and can be given orally. 

The pomegranate alkaloids, pelletierine (46) and pseudopelletierine (48) as well as minor accompanying bases, have a long history as salts of tannic acid as an anthelmintic mixture for intestinal pinworms (see Antiparasitic AGENTS, ANTHELMINTICS). The alkaloids themselves (as the taimates) are obtained from pomegranate tree (Punkagranatum L.) root bark and are among the few bases named after an individual (P. J. Pelletier) rather than a plant. 

Lactulose. 4-O-P -D-Galactopyranosyl-4-D-fmctofuranose [4618-18-2] (Chronolac) (12) may be made from lactose using the method described in Reference 9. It is a synthetic disaccharide that is not hydroly2ed by gastrointestinal enzymes in the small intestine, but is metabolized by colonic bacteria to short-chain organic acids. The increased osmotic pressure of these nonabsorbable organic acids results in an accumulation of fluid in the colon. Lactulose may not be tolerated by patients because of an extremely sweet taste. It frequently produces flatulence and intestinal cramps. 

CGRP is widely distributed throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems and is found ia sensory neurons and ia the autonomic and enteric nervous systems. In many iastances CGRP is co-localized with other neuroregulators, eg, ACh ia motor neurons, substance P, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and galanin ia sensory neurons. It is also present ia the CNS, with ACh ia the parabigeminal nucleus and with cholecystokinin (CCK) ia the dorsal parabrachial area. CGRP functions as a neuromodulator or co-transmitter. 

PGE andDenvatives. PGE2 and several related PGs protect against radiation injury in the rodent intestine with respect to both crypt clonogen survival and LD Q g Protection of hemopoietic tissue has also been reported using the exogenous CEU-S assay (215), and 40 p.m of 16,16-dimethyl PGE2... 

An important function of certain carotenoids is their provitamin A activity. Vitamin A may be considered as having the stmcture of half of the P-carotene molecule with a molecule of water added at the end position. In general, all carotenoids containing a single unsubstituted P carotene half have provitamin A activity, but only about half the activity of P carotene. Provitamin A compounds are converted to Vitamin A by an oxidative enzyme system present in the intestinal mucosa of animals and humans. This conversion apparendy does not occur in plants (see Vitamins, VITAMIN a). 

Hydroxy vitamin D pools ia the blood and is transported on DBF to the kidney, where further hydroxylation takes place at C-1 or C-24 ia response to calcium levels. l-Hydroxylation occurs primarily ia the kidney mitochondria and is cataly2ed by a mixed-function monooxygenase with a specific cytochrome P-450 (52,179,180). 1 a- and 24-Hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol has also been shown to take place ia the placenta of pregnant mammals and ia bone cells, as well as ia the epidermis. Low phosphate levels also stimulate 1,25-dihydtoxycholecalciferol production, which ia turn stimulates intestinal calcium as well as phosphoms absorption. It also mobilizes these minerals from bone and decreases their kidney excretion. Together with PTH, calcitriol also stimulates renal reabsorption of the calcium and phosphoms by the proximal tubules (51,141,181—183). 

T. K. Jeffers in P. Yvore, ed, Coccidia and Intestinal Coccidiomorphs, INRA PubUshers, VersaiUes, Prance 1989, pp. 295—308. 

N. Roland, L. Nugon-Baudon and S. Rabot, in Intestinal Flora, Immunity Nutrition and Health, ed. A. P. Siinopoulos, T. Con ing and A. Rerat, World Reviews of Nutrition and Dietetics, Karger, Basel, 1993, vol. 74, pp. 123-148. 

Heparin (from pig intestinal mucosa) [9005-49-6] Mr -3,000, amorphous, [a]p - + 55° (H2O). Most likely contaminants are mucopolysaccharides including heparin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Purified by pptn with cetylpyridinium chloride from saturated solutions of high ionic strength. [Cifonelli and Roden Biochem Prep 12 12 1968.]... 

Pharmacological Action. As already pointed out, cularine shows some resemblance to papaverine and hydrastine in action (p. 196). The M.L.D. (mgm./kilo.) for mice by intravenous injection of ochotensine is 10-6 i 0-54 so that it seems to be the most toxic of the fifteen corydalis alkaloids examined by Anderson and Chen, who also state that it stimulates isolated guinea-pig or rabbit uterus, inhibits isolated rabbit-intestine and induces a fall in blood pressure on intravenous injection in etherised cats. 

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