Ozone and climate

Bemtsen, T., 1. S. A. Isaksen, W.-C. Wang and X.-Z. Liang, 1996 Impacts of increased anthropogenic emissions in Asia on tropospheric ozone and climate A global 3-D model study. Tellus, 48B, 13-32. 

As governmental bodies, the Ministries of Environment are the competent authority for the majority of activities related to environmental issues such as trans-boundary air and water pollution, troposphere ozone and climate change, for instance. The main task of a ministry on these issues is therefore to elaborate and implement the environment policy. As it is nearly everywhere within the Member States of the European Union, the ministries carry out only a few studies and analysis by themselves, but a lot of routine work is allocated to different administrations or institutions. This approach was not followed in some countries of the 10 and the research and international collaboration on different environmental programmes suffered for a... 

Shindell, D., D. Rind, N. Balachandran, J. Lean, and P. Lonergan, Solar cycle variability, ozone, and climate. Science 284, 305, 1999. 

Briihl, C. Crutzen, P.J., 1990 Ozone and Climate Changes in the Light of the Montreal Protocol, a Model Study , in Ambio, 19 293-301. 

Hartmut GraBl Shaping Germany s Role in Ozone and Climate Policy. The Push by Paul Crutzen... 

Ralph J. Cicerone Stratospheric Ozone and Climate Change different Human Causes and Responses... 

The EPA summary (4) for stratospheric ozone and global climate protection lists the basics of the title ... 

Title VI Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Protection - The law builds on the market-based structure and requirements currently contained in EPA s regulations to phase out the production of substances that deplete the ozone layer. 

Title VI - Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Title VII - Provisions Relating to Enforcement... 

The atmospheric chemistry of nitrogen is quite complex and involves literally hundreds or thousands of chemical reactions. Although the fluxes are much smaller than the biological fluxes, these processes are important for a variety of reasons, including impacts on climate, stratospheric ozone, and photochemical smog. In this section we present an overview of the most important processes. 

D.o.M. Ozone Layer Protection Centre (2009) Hydrology and climate change, MONRE. Final report - study and determination emission factor of Vietnam electricity grid. Ozone Layer Protection, Hanoi... 

Plant response to ozone and PAN may be altered by climatic conditions before, during, and after exposure. Plants may be sensitized to a given... 

Anderson, J. G Free Radicals in the Earth s Atmosphere Measurement and Interpretation, in Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 56-65, 1989. 

Table 12.1 summarizes the potential effects of HSCT emissions on stratospheric ozone and on global climate through changes in radiative forcing (Stolarski et al., 1995) as discussed in Chapter 14. Since the effect of NOj on 03 is anticipated to be the most important stratospheric issue, we focus on this here. The other issues are treated briefly where appropriate. 

The recent advances in modem technology continue to open new opportunities for the observation of chemical reactions on shorter and shorter time scales, at higher and higher quantum numbers, in larger and larger molecules, as well as in complex media, in particular, of biological relevance. As an example of open questions, the most rapid reactions of atmospheric molecules like carbon dioxide, ozone, and water, which occur on a time scale of just a few femtoseconds, still remain to be explored. Another example is the photochemistry of the atmospheres of nearby planets like Mars and Venus or of the giant planets and their satellites, which can help us to understand better the climatic evolution of our own planet. 

Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Gases, and Climate Change National Academy Washington, DC, 1989. 

We have addressed several aspects of STE of ozone and the impact on tropospheric ozone levels. Using ozone observations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from MOZAIC, we have examined the rdation between ozone and PV in the lower stratosphere. A distinct seasonality in the ratio between ozone and PV is evident, with a maximum in spring and minimum in fall associated with the seasonality of downward transport in the meridional circulation and of the ozone concentrations in the lower stratosphere. The ozone-PV ratio is applied in our tropospheric chemistry-climate model to improve the boundary conditions for ozone above the tropopause, to improve the representativity of simulated ozone distributions near synoptic disturbances and realistically simulate cross-tropopause ozone transports. It is expected that the results will further improve when the model is applied in a finer horizontal and vertical resolution. 

Holton, J.R., and Lelieveld, J. (1996) Stratosphere-troposphere exchange and its role in the budget of tropospheric ozone, in P.J. Crutzen and V. Ramanathan (Eds.), Clouds, Chemistry and Climate, NATO ASI Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 173-190. 

A great variety of possible chemical and climatic effects of aircraft have been investigated in recent years. In this study, aircraft-induced changes in NOy, H20 and ozone have been calculated. The study has contributed to the IPCC report on the atmospheric effects of aviation, which gives a comprehensive introduction into the aircraft issue [3]. 

Perturbations in the vertical distribution of ozone together with their implications for chemistry and climate are of main importance, rather than aircraft-induced changes in the total ozone column. 

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