Protection of the Ozone Layer

The full text of the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is available at http //www.unep.org/ozone/vienna t.shtml, and contains much of the primary data that alerted the scientific community to the threats of CFCs, etc. It is somewhat dated now, but the Web page of the United Nations Ozone Secretariat is more reliable http //www.unep.org/ozone/index-en.shtml. 

Source Ozone Secretariat. A Decade of Assessments for Decision Makers Regarding the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1988-1999. 

CFCs) and halons over the next decade, as mandated by the Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, will affect the chlorine burden of the stratosphere. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) can be used as substitutes for the CFCs for a few decades without having a substantial impact on the chlorine burden of the stratosphere because they are primarily destroyed in the troposphere by reactions with OH before they are able to deliver the chlorine to the stratosphere. The elimination of CFCs and the temporary use of HCFCs into the early part of the next century must be carefully orchestrated to minimize the peak chlorine loading and promote the most rapid reduction of the chlorine burden of the stratosphere (56, 87). Another issue is the effects that perturbations to the reactive nitrogen abundances will have on the abundances of reactive chlorine. A better understanding and clarification of the direct heterogeneous conversions of chlorine species on both PSCs and sulfate aerosols are also needed. 

The protection of the world climate or components thereof has become the object of international agreements since the end of the seventies. The most important agreements to that extent are the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, 1979 and its Protocols, as well as the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985 and its Protocol (Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987). However, only the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 (Framework Convention) together with the Kyoto Protocol represent a comprehensive approach to international protection of the climate. 

OzonAction, a newsletter dedicated to the protection of the ozone layer and implementation of the Montreal Protocol, UNEP IE quarterly Publ. eg. No. 23 July 1997. 

In Figure 20.83, determination of susceptibility to pitting corrosion was shown. The best-known example of an international environmental protection agreement that results, as a side effect, in a rearrangement of production processes and a withdrawal of products, is the Montreal agreement for the protection of the ozone layer. The prohibition of the production and use of specific chlorofluo-rocarbons that, aside from their action on the stratospheric ozone layer, are also water endangering has required rearrangements of production (Umweltbundesamt 1989). 

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985). Created a framework for international cooperation and monitoring. It was agreed in principle to tackle a global environmental problem before its effects were felt (or scientific certainty obtained), viscosity. The internal resistance to flow of a fluid mathematically defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate. 

Use of mercury and diaphragm cells is not the only environmental concern facing the industry demand for CI2 has fallen in the pulp and paper industry and in the production of chlorofluorocarbons, the latter being phased out as a result of the Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. Nevertheless, overall demand for CI2 remains high, much being used in the production of chloroethene... 

Global efforts to address stratospheric ozone depletion have been underway since 1981. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer entered into force on September 22, 1988. As of March 1, 1989, thirty-seven countries, representing the vast majority of the industrialized nations of the world, had ratified this Convention. The Convention provides the framework for cooperative activities, including the exchange of data or information related to the ozone layer. This Convention provides for the subsequent creation of protocols (free-standing... 

---