Oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysis

Sasaki K, Kuttiyiel KA, Su D, Adzic RR (2011) Platinum monolayer IrFe core-shell nanoparticle electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Electrocatalysis 2 134-140... 

Stamenkovic V, Schmidt TJ, Ross PN, Markovic NM. 2003. Surface segregation effects in electrocatalysis Kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction on polycrystalline PtsNi alloy surfaces. J Electroanal Chem 554 191 -199. 

The effect of Pt crystallite size on the kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction is a long-standing problem in electrocatalysis. An excellent review of experimental work with carbon-supported Pt was presented by Kinoshita [33] for work prior to about 1990. Kinoshita concluded that the change in fraction of surface atoms on the... 

Development of supported Pt electrocatalysts came as a result of intensive research on fundamental and applied aspects of electrocatalysis [especially for kinetically difficult oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)] fueled by attempts at commercialization of medium-temperature phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs) in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Dispersion of metal crystallites in a conductive carbon support resulted in significant improvements in all three polarization zones (activation, ohmic, and... 

P. N. Ross Jr, Oxygen reduction reaction on smooth single crystal electrodes, in Handbook of Fuel Cells, Electrocatalysis, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 2003, Vol. 2. 

The effect of the distance between the active center and the electrode on the reaction rate has been studied using as an example the electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction by laccase adsorbed on soot. Variation in the distance between the active center and the electroconductive substrate was achieved by inserting an intermediate monolayer of lipid molecules flatly and vertically oriented cholesterol molecules and vertically oriented lecithin molecules (scheme in Figure 36). In this case, the conditions of obtaining compact lipid monolayers were fulfilled. The subsequent setting of laccase did not lead to their desorption. 

The major challenge of non-precious metal electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction continues to be the lack of knowledge of the active catalytic sites and reaction mechanisms. The difficulties in the identification of the active sites are augmented by the virtual absence of effective NPMC characterization tools for direct probing of the surface of heat-treated catalysts. Further progress in the development of NPMCs will likely depend on the ability to characterize and understand the source(s) of the activity of the catalysts that have been already developed and are under development today. 

Keith JA, Jacob T (2010) Computational simulations on the oxygen reduction reaction in electrochemical. In Balbuena PB, Subramanian VR (eds) Theory and experiment in electrocatalysis. Springer, New York, pp 89-132... 

Alonso-Vante N (2011) Stmcture and reactivity of transition metal chalcogenides toward the molecular oxygen reduction reaction. In Vayenas CG (ed) Interfacial phenomena in electrocatalysis, vol 51, Modem aspects of electrochemistry. Springer, New York, pp 255-300... 

Extensive research related to electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) and hydrogen or methanol or ethanol oxidation reactions (HORs, MORs, or EORs) in alkaline media have been conducted worldwide in the last five decades. Spendelow and Wieckowski have provided an in-depth review of electrocatalysis for O2 reduction on Pt-group and Ag metal and alloys, for methanol oxidation on... 

Kuai L, Geng B, Wang S, Zhao Y, Luo Y, Jiang H (2011) Silver and gold icosahedra one-pot water-based synthesis and their superior performance in the electrocatalysis for oxygen reduction reactions in alkaline media. Chemistry 17(12) 3482-3489... 

Shao MH, Peles A, Shoemaker K (2011) Electrocatalysis on platinum nanoparticles particle size effect on oxygen reduction reaction activity. Nano Lett 11(9) 3714—3719... 

Recent intensive research efforts have led to the development of less expensive and more abundant electrocatalysts for fuel cells. This book aims to summarize recent advances of electrocatalysis in oxygen reduction and alcohol oxidation, with a particular focus on low- and non-Pt electrocatalysts. The book is divided into two parts containing 24 chapters total. All the chapters were written by leading experts in their fields from Asia, Europe, North America, South America, and Africa. The first part contains six chapters and focuses on the electro-oxidation reactions of small organic fuels. The subsequent eighteen chapters cover the oxygen reduction reactions on low- and non- Pt catalysts. 

Until now, the methodology available to study charge transfer reactions at soft interfaces has been rather mature, and studies in the field have shifted to the study of catalyzed reactions such as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), or even oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Eor this, two classes of catalysts have been used (i) molecular catalysts and (ii) nanoparticle solid catalysts. These two approaches draw their inspiration from classical molecular catalysis and from electrocatalysis, respectively. 

For a given electrochemical system, the increase of the voltage efficiency is directly related to the decrease of the overpotentials of the oxygen reduction reaction, t]c, and alcohol oxidation reaction, T]a, which needs to enhance the activity of the catalysts at low potentials and low temperature, whereas the increase of the faradic efficiency is related to the ability of the catalyst to oxidize completely or not the fuel into carbon dioxide, i.e. it is related to the selectivity of the catalyst. Indeed, in the case of ethanol, taken as an example, acetic acid and acetaldehyde are formed at the anode [10], which corresponds to a number of electrons involved of 4 and 2, respectively, against 12 for the complete oxidation of ethanol to carbon dioxide. The enhancement of both these efficiencies is a challenge in electrocatalysis. 

Dodelet JP (2013) The controversial role of the metal in Fe- or Co-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in acid medium. In Shao M (ed) Electrocatalysis in fuel cells a non- and low-platinum approach. Springer London, United Kingdom, pp. 271-338, ISBN 978-1 71 910-1... 

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