Oxygen-containing petrochemical products

Then, the Celanese Corporation built three plants in Bishop (Texas), Pampa (Texas), and Edmonton (Canada). At that time, it was the cheapest method for producing three basic oxygen-containing petrochemical products methanol, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde [260]. According to estimates, by 1941, these processes accounted for 1/4 to 1/3 of the total production of methanol and formaldehyde in the United States [261]. 

Photometry and colorimetry are used by crude oil chemists to determine the content of different metals and heteroatomic compounds in crude oil and petrochemical products. Many references on photometry and colorimetry are given at the end of this chapter. Many authors have described the successful analysis of different metals in motor fuels by photometric and colorimetric methods. The composition of additives used during fuel production can be characterized by photometric and colorimetric methods because very many additives contain metals. It is not only fuels that can be characterized by photometry and colorimetry. Lubricants, which contain metals as an important component, can be successfully determined by these methods. These methods can quickly give qualitative information on heavy metals and heteroatomic compounds such as oxygen and sulfur in crude oil. More on this topic can be found in references 76 and 77 at the end of this chapter. 

Petrochemical units generate waste waters from process operations such as vapor condensation, from cooling tower blowdown, and from stormwater runoff. Process waste waters are generated at a rate of about 15 cubic meters per hour (m /hr), based on 500,000 tpy ethylene production, and may contain biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels of 100 mg/1, as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 1,500 to 6,000 mg/1, suspended solids of 100 to 400 mg/1, and oil and grease of 30 to 600 mg/1. Phenol levels of up to 200 mg/1 and benzene levels of up to 100 mg/1 may also be present. 

Petrochemical intermediates are generally produced by chemical conversion of primary petrochemicals to form more complicated derivative products. Petrochemical derivative products can be made in a variety of ways directly from primary petrochemicals, through intermediate products that still contain only carbon and hydrogen, and through intermediates that incorporate chlorine, nitrogen, or oxygen in the finished derivative. In some cases, they are finished products in others, more steps are needed to arrive at the desired composition. 

With the development of the petrochemical industry, acetylene was changed to ethylene, as in the case of production of vinyl chloride. The process is explained simply as follows a gas mixture consisting of ethylene, acetic acid, and oxygen is reacted over a solid catalyst that contains Pd at a temperature between 175 and 200°C under a pressure between 4 and lOkg/cm. ... 

Recycl Blacks. The pyrolysis of carbon black containing rubber goods has been promoted as a solution to the accumulation of waste tires. In the processes in question, tires are pyrolyzed in the absence of oxygen, usually in indirect fired rotary kiln-type units. The mbber and extender oils are cracked to hydrocarbons which are collected and sold as fuels or petrochemical feedstocks. The gaseous pyrolysis products are burned as fuel for the process. Steel tire cord is removed magnetically and the remainder of the residue is milled into a pyrolysis black. This contains the carbon black, silica, and other metal oxides from the rubber and some newly created char. Typically these materials have 8-10% ash, and contain... 

The feedstocks will t3 ically be low value refinery or petrochemical streams, such as steam cracker by-products rich in C4 s, which have poor propylene selectivity when recycled to the steam cracker. The feedstock can include raffinates, catalytic cracked naphtha, coker naphtha, steam cracker pyrolysis gasoline, as well as synthetic chemical streams containing sufficient amounts of C4-C7 olefins. Dienes, sulfur, nitrogen and oxygenates in the feeds are preferably selectively hydrotreated prior to the conversion process. However, feeds with low levels of dienes, sulfur, nitrogen, metal compounds and oxygenates can be processed directly from FCC units, cokers or steam crackers without any pretreatment. 

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