Oxyacids naming

Oxyanion Formula Oxyanion Name Oxyacid Formula Oxyacid Name... 

P04 phosphate H3PO4 phosphoric acid (Note that the root of phosphorus in an oxyacid name is phosphor-.)... 

We turn now to the comparison of phosphate esters with esters of other phosphorus oxyacids, namely phosphites, phosphonates and phos-phinates. Phosphites are distinguished from phosphates by a lower formal valence number (l.t. by a basically different bonding structure), whereas in phosphonates and phosphinates the phosphorus is formally pentavalent, as in phosphates. Phosphonates and phosphinates have direct carbon-phosphorus bonding, while the linkage of the organic groups in the phosphate esters is all of the carbon-oxygen-phosphorus type. 

By far the most significant applications of esters derived from nonylphenol have been with the phosphorus oxyacids, namely phosphorous and phosphoric acids, which afford a range of arylphosphites and arylphosphates respectively and with sulphuric acid resulting in the sulphate esters. The salts of these derivatives have found wide industrial usage. 

First, identify the oxyanion present. The first word of an oxyacids name consists of the root of the oxyanion and the prefix per- or hypo- if it is part of the name, and a suffix. If the oxyanions name ends with the suffix -ate, replace it with the suffix -ic. If the name of the oxyanion ends with the suffix -ite, replace it with the suffix -ous. NO3, the nitrate ion, becomes nitric. 

Quite often, we find nonsystematic nomenclature used in the literature dealing with organophosphorus compounds. This results in unnecessary confusion, as systematic nomenclature is easy to use and understand. Nomenclature based on the oxidation state of the phosphorus center eliminates the confusion and helps to promote understanding of the chemistry as well as to facilitate communication. Table 1.1 shows structures for tricoordinate and tetracoordinate phosphorus compounds related to oxyacids with their English general names. Also noted are the names for simple esters of the parent acids. They are organized based on oxidation state and the number of bonds of the carbon-phosphorus type. 

Be able to name binary metal type and nonmetal type compounds, as well as ternary compounds, oxyacids, simple coordination compounds, etc. 

An oxoacid is an acid formed from a polyatomic ion that contains oxygen, hydrogen, and another element. (Oxoacids are called oxyacids in some chemistry textbooks). In Chapter 3, you learned the names of common polyatomic ions and their valences (oxidation numbers). The names of oxoacids are similar to the names of their polyatomic oxoanions. Only the suffix is different. Study the three rules and examples for naming oxoacids below. Then try the Practice Problems that follow. 

The numerous oxyacids of phosphorus may be regarded as derived from three prototypes, namely, hypophosphorous acid, H3P02, phosphorous acid, H3P03, and orthophosphoric acid, HsP04, in all of which phosphorus probably has the co-ordination number 4 (see p. 59). 

Water solutions of some molecules are acidic and are named as acids. Acids are important compounds with specific properties that will be discussed at length in Chapter 19. If the compound produces hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, it is an acid. For example, HCl produces H+ in solution and is an acid. Two common types of acids exist— binary acids and oxyacids. 

Naming oxyacids Another set of rules is used to name an acid that contains an oxyanion. An oxyanion is a polyatomic ion that contains oxygen. Any acid that contains hydrogen and an oxyanion is referred to as an oxyacid. 

Because the name of an oxyacid depends on the oxyanion present in the acid, you must first identify the anion present. The name of an oxyacid consists of a form of the root of the anion, a suffix, and the word acid. If the anion suffix is -ate, it is replaced with the suffix -ic. When the anion ends in -ite, the suffix is replaced with -ous. Consider the oxyacid HNO3. Its oxyanion is nitrate (NO3 ). Following this rule, HNO3 is named nitric acid. The anion of HNO2 is the nitrite ion (NO2 ). HNO2 is nitrous acid. Notice that the hydrogen in an oxyacid is not part of the name. 

Acids are named based on their anions. If the name of the anion ends in -ide, the acid name starts with hydro- and ends in -ic, as in hydrosulfuric acid (H2S). If the acid is an oxyacid, the ending -ic is used for the species with more oxygens and -ous for the species with fewer oxygens, as in sulfuric acid (11 S04) and sulfurous add (H2SO,). 

The ideas of the valence shell configuration, oxidation number, Lewis structure and the shape of Main Group compounds are brought together in discussing a very important group of compounds of the Main Group elements, namely, the oxyacids and their oxyanions (Table 5.1). 

To name oxyacids, you must first be able to recognize them by tbe general formula HaXbOc, with X representing an element other than hydrogen or oxygen (Section 5.1). It will also be useful for you to know the names of the polyatomic oxyanions (Table... 

Note that the whole name for sulfur, not just the root, sulf-, is found in the name sulfuric acid. Similarly, although the usual root for phosphorus is phosph-, the root phosphor- is used for phosphorus-containing oxyacids, as in the name phosphoric acid. 

Convert between names and formulas for binary acids and oxyacids. 

Given a name or chemical formula, tell whether it represents a binary ionic compound, an ionic compound with polyatomic ion(s), a binary covalent compound, a binary acid, or an oxyacid. 

Convert between names and chemical formulas for binary ionic compounds, ionic compounds with polyatomic ion(s), binary covalent compounds, binary acids, and oxyacids. 

For oxyacids, if the name of the oxyion ends in -ate, the name of the acid ends in -ic. If the name of the oxyion ends in -ite, the name of the acid ends in -ous. A list of several oxyacids is given in the following table. 

Write the formula and name of the oxyacid based on the oxyion, C032-. 

Specific rules are used when naming binary molecular compounds, binary acids, and oxyacids. 

The following rules explain the naming of nitric acid (FINO3), an oxyacid. 

Table 8.4 shows how the names of several oxyacids follow these rules. Notice that the hydrogen in an oxyacid is not part of the name. 

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