Oxidizers, propellant fluorine

See Dichlorine oxide Dicyanogen Fluorine Halogens Oxygen (Liquid) Liquefied gases Ozone Dicyanogen ROCKET PROPELLANTS... 

These hexafluoronickelates can be used as fluorinating reagents (15), as a source of high purity elemental fluorine (9,10), and as high energy soHd propeUant oxidizers (see Explosives and propellants) (18). 

Propellants and Explosives. Hydrazine fuels include anhydrous hydrazine (AH), monomethyUiydrazine (MMH), and unsymmetrical dimethyUiydrazine (UDMH) for military and space programs. These compounds are used mainly as bipropeUant fuels, ie, with oxidizers, in rockets such as the Titan, MX missile, and the Ariane (UDA4H7X30. Using oxygen or fluorine as the oxidizer, hydrazine is exceeded only by hydrogen in specific impulse, ie, kilograms of thmst developed for each kilogram of fuel consumed per second (196). 

Although modern chemistry allows development of even more effective rocket propellants, energy efficiency is not the only consideration factor. For example, fluorine and its derivatives arc better oxidizers than oxygen, but their extreme toxicity make them environmentally dangerous. The same concerns prevent the use of beryllium hydride—an excellent fuel that combines high density with the energy efficiency comparable to liquid hydrogen. 

Monomethylhydrazine is a clear, colorless liquid used extensively in military applications as a missile and rocket propellant, in chemical power sources, and as a solvent and chemical intermediate. Upon contact with strong oxidizers (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, nitrogen tetroxide, chlorine, fluorine) spontaneous ignition may occur. 

Used industrially as a fluorinating agent and as an oxidizer in rocket propellant systems. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. 

Uses. Oxidizer in rocket propellant systems fluorinating agent... 

Bromine pentafluoride is used as an oxidizer in hquid rocket propellants and as a fluorinating agent in the processing of uranium. 

Fluorine nitrate is used in rocket propellants as an oxidizing agent. 

Nitrosyl fluoride is an oxidizer in rocket propellants. Other apphcations are in organic synthesis where it is a fluorinating agent. The compound also is a stabdizer for liquid sulfur trioxide. 

Owing to its chemically highly aggressive nature, fluorine is difficult and hazardous to handle and it can be manufactured only via the electrolytic oxidation of fluoride. Fluorine gas has been produced commercially since 1946 and has found applications in many areas of fluorine chemistry (polymers, surfactants, lubricants, thermally stable liquids, blood replacement and pharmaceuticals, propellants, etc.). Inorganic fluorides such as Sp6 and UFe [21] have technical applications. Fluorous solvent systems [22] provide novel reaction environments fundamentally different from both aqueous and hydrocarbon media [23] and fluorine has been employed as a marker or spin label [24]. 

Noble Gas-Oxygen Compounds. Since the discovery in 1962 that the noble gases are not truly chemically inert, propellant chemists became intrigued with the possibility that they could serve as excellent carriers of oxygen (and fluorine) and thus generate a new family of chemical propellants. While the importance of this discovery to chemistry cannot be underestimated, so far it has not led to the preparation of new compounds as significant rocket oxidizers. 

The highest combustion temperatures have been noted to be associated with the reaction of metals with oxygen or fluorine containing oxidizers. The combustion products uniformly have higher molecular weights than the products of the combustion of hydrogen with these same oxidizers. The introduction of a propellant component which would result in the production of low molecular weight species in the product gas would be anticipated to result in an increased level of performance. 

The propulsion assembly of a rocket or -> Missile. The driving force can be produced by burning liquid fuels in liquid oxidizers (liquid oxygen, nitric acid, or other oxidants such as liquid fluorine), by burning of solid propellants (-> Solid Propellant Rockets), by burning solid fuels in liquid oxidizers (-> Hybrids), or by catalytic decomposition of endothermal compounds (-> Hydrazine-, - Aerozim, - Aurol). 

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