Oxide glass electrolytes

Relationship between the temperature and ionic conductivity of some oxide glass electrolytes. (Adapted from Fergus, J.W., /. Power Sources 195 4554-4569,2010.)... 

The state of the art regenerative solar cell consists of the sensitizer cis-Ru(dcb)2(NCS)2 anchored to colloidal anatase Ti02 films with an Lil-l2 organic electrolyte. An i-V curve recorded with 1000 W m of air mass 1.5 illumination at 25 °C is shown in Figure 25 [154]. From these data, a Eqc of 0.79 V, an 4c of 4.83 mA, a fill factor of 0.71 and an of 0.11 were obtained. The active area of the electrode was kept low, 0.249 cm, to minimize resisitive losses associated with the tin oxide glass and the nanocrystalline semiconductor film. The power efficiency was not significantly changed when the temperature was raised from 20 to 60 °C. 

Electrolysis of Water and Nonstandard Half-Cell Potentials Before we can analyze the electrolysis products of aqueous salt solutions, we must examine the electrolysis of water itself. Extremely pure water is difficult to electrolyze because very few ions are present to conduct a current. If we add a small amount of a salt that cannot be electrolyzed in water (such as Na2S04), however, electrolysis proceeds rapidly. A glass electrolytic cell with separated gas compartments is used to keep the H2 and O2 gases from mixing (Figure 21.25). At the anode, water is oxidized as the O.N. of O changes from —2 to 0 ... 

FIGURE 2. Adsorbed Pseudomona atlantica on tin oxide glass cathode and anode versus steady electrode potentials. The electrolyte, artificial seawater, contained approximately 2 X 10 bacteria ml Immersion time in the electrolyte at each potential, 3h. Reference Dhar et... 

One of the first examples of these structures is that based on a multilayer combination of a lithiated nickel oxide glass, a film of the (PE0)8LiC104 electrolyte and a tungsten oxide glass [55] ... 

The reference electrode of these oxygen sensors consists of a platinum electrode in a reference gas with defined oxygen partial pressure, which is separated fi om the melt by a wall of doped zirconia solid electrolyte with unit oxide transport number. Yttria (Y2O3) is used as the second oxide (dopant), which renders the doped oxide solid electrolyte more stable than calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO), which have also been tried as the second component of the doped ceramic but were found rather unsatisfactory. Practical units applied in laboratory and industrial glass melts consist of a combination of the essential (platinum) electrode and the zirconia electrolyte, which are constmcted for easy handling. These units are called... 

Laser flush method (scheme left) for the detentiination of diffusivity, commercially produced by the Netzsch instruments at different modes (LFA 427, 437 or 447) using various measuring set ups and sample arrangements (right). Insets show two MicroRash applications, upper the thermal diffusivity and parallel calculated conductivity (by the aid of Netzsch DSC 404, cf. Fig.85. for electrolytic iron and bottom that for oxide glass. 

Fused-salt electrolysis of K2NbFy is not an economically feasible process because of the low current efficiency (31). However, electrowinning has been used to obtain niobium from molten alkaU haUde electrolytes (32). The oxide is dissolved in molten alkaU haUde and is deposited in a molten metal cathode, either cadmium or zinc. The reaction is carried out in a ceramic or glass container using a carbon anode the niobium alloys with the cathode metal, from which it is freed by vacuum distillation, and the niobium powder is left behind. 

The electrical conductivity also increases with increasing metal oxide content, due to the high mobility of the metal ions. For example several glass compositions have been used as solid electrolytes in galvanic cells in which other metal ions apart from the alkaline and alkaline earth ions have been incorporated. The electrochemical cell... 

Standard two-compartment H cell. The catholyte consisted of 3.25 M nitric acid and was separated by a medium-porosity sintered glass frit. Experiments were also carried out to determine if surface oxidation of hydrocarbon polymers could be obtained in an electrolyte consisting only of nitric acid. 

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