Oxidative stress, neurodegenerative

REDOX METAL IONS, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES... 

Bayer KU, De Koninck P, Leonard AS, et al (2001) Interaction with the NMDA receptor locks CaMKll in an active conformation. Nature 411 801-805 Beal MF (1995) Aging, energy, and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Ann Neurol 38 357-366... 

Coyle, J.T and Putfarcken, P. (1993) Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders. Science 262 689-695. 

Numerous in vitro studies have implicated ROS in neuronal death [Leonardi and Mytilineou, 1998], and different markers of oxidative stress are found in postmortem examination of brain tissues from patients with neurodegenerative disorders [Sayre et al., 2001], DNA oxidation, protein oxidation, and lipid peroxidation have been reported in brain regions containing neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques from Alzheimer s disease (AD) patients [Lovell and Markesbery, 2007 Polidori et al., 2007], Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of brains of Parkinson s disease (PD) patients also exhibit hallmarks of oxidative stress [Giasson et al., 2002]. 

Recent studies have shown increased glutathionylation of specific proteins in AD patients compared with control subjects [Newman et al., 2007], The exact function of this reversible oxidative modification is unknown. Further studies investigating the specific in vivo effects of. S -glutathionylation in oxidative stress are important to determining the role of S -glutathionylation in the AD brain and neurodegenerative disorders. 

Joshi G, Perluigi M, Sultana R, Agrippino R, Calabrese V, Butterfield DA. 2006. In vivo protection of synaptosomes by ferulic acid ethyl ester (FAEE) from oxidative stress mediated by 2,2-azobis(2-amidino-propane)dihydrochloride (AAPH) or Fe(2 +)/ H(2jO(2) Insight into mechanisms of neuroprotection and relevance to oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative disorders. Neurochem Int 48 318-327. 

Sayre LM, Smith MA, Perry G. 2001. Chemistry and biochemistry of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disease. Curr Med Chem 8 721-738. 

There is a common feature in the two major neurodegenerative diseases In both Alzheimer s disease (AD) and Parkinson s disease (PD) there is an imbalance of metal metabolism leading to oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. It is well known that there is no cure or efficient treatment available for these diseases. Is there a way to prevent these diseases From this review... 

Copper is essential for some of the enzymes that have a role in brain metabolism. Sophisticated mechanisms balance copper import and export to ensure proper nutrient levels (homeostasis) while minimizing toxic effects. Several neurodegenerative diseases including AD are characterized by modified copper homeostasis. This change seems to contribute either directly or indirectly to increased oxidative stress, an important factor in neuronal toxicity. The association of misfolded proteins and modified copper homeostasis appears to be important in the pathological progression of AD [Donnelly et al., 2007],... 

Oxidative stress has been implicated in a variety of neuropathologies, including stroke, trauma, and diseases such as AD and PD. It should be reasonable to use antioxidant strategies to prevent or treat these diseases. In the following sections are discussed the use of several natural phenolics as antioxidants and the potential actions on neurodegenerative diseases. 

Future Perspectives New Strategies for Antagonism of Excitotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. 261... 

Bains J. S. and Shaw C. A. (1997). Neurodegenerative disorders in humans the role of glutathione in oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death. Brain Res. Rev. 25 335-358. 

Table 8.3 Status of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and NF-/cB in acute neural trauma and neurodegenerative diseases...

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