Oxidative stress, diseases

Hughes, M.F. and Kitchin, K.T. (2006) Arsenic, oxidative stress and carcinogenesis, in Oxidative Stress, Disease and Cancer (ed. K.K. Singh), Imperial College Press, London, pp. 825-50. 

Oxidative stress, rather than being the primary cause of disease, is more often a secondary complication in many disorders. Oxidative stress diseases include inflammatoiy bowel diseases, retinal ischemia, cardiovascular disease and restenosis, AIDS, ARDS, and neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke. Parkin-son s disease, and Alzheimer s disease. Such indications may prove amenable to antioxidant treatment because there is a clear involvement of oxidative injury in these disorders. 

Bacellar H, Munoz A et al (1994) Temporal trends in the incidence of HIV-l-related neurologic diseases Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 1985-1992. Neurology 44(10) 1892-1900 Banki K, Hutter E et al (1998) Molecular ordering in HIV-induced apoptosis. Oxidative stress, activation of caspases, and cell survival are regulated by transaldolase. . J Biol Chem 273(19) 11944-11953... 

Perez-Casanova A, Noel RJ Jr, Rivera-Amill V, Husain K, Kumar A (2007) Morphine-mediated deterioration of oxidative stress leads to rapid disease progression in SIV/SHIV-infected macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 23 1004-1007 Persidsky Y, Gendelman HE (2003) Mononuclear phagocyte immunity and the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. J Leukoc Biol 74 691-701... 

The protective effects of carotenoids against chronic diseases appear to be correlated to their antioxidant capacities. Indeed, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation are at the basis of oxidative processes occurring in cardiovascular incidents, cancers, and ocular diseases. Carotenoids are then able to scavenge free radicals such as singlet molecular oxygen ( O2) and peroxyl radicals particularly, and protect cellular systems from oxidation. 

Curcumin possesses strong antioxidant capacities, which may explain its effects against degenerative diseases in which oxidative stress plays a major role. As previously described for flavonoids, it is unlikely that curcumin acts as a direct antioxidant outside the digestive tract since its concentration in peripheral blood and organs is very low (near or below 1 pM, even after acute or long-term supplementation). Indeed, it has been shown that the intestinal epithelium limits its entry into the body, as reflected by absorption studies in various models (portal blood perfusion, everted bags). ... 

Betalains have shown strong antioxidant activities in biological environments such as membranes and LDLs," -" suggesting that the consumption of betalain-colored foods may exert protective effects against certain oxidative stress-related diseases (i.e., cancers) in humans. Beetroot has been used as a treatment for cancer in Europe for several centuries. The high content of betanin in red beetroot (300 to 600 mg/kg) may be the explanation for the purported cancer chemopreventive effects of beets. 

Bashir, S., Harris, G., Denman, A.M., Blake, D.R. and Win-yard, P.G. (1993). Oxidative DNA damage and cellular sensitivity to oxidative stress in human autoimmune disease. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 52, 659-666. 

Allopurinol has been shown to attenuate lipid peroxidation in ethanol-fed rats (Kato etal., 1990). However, this was not correlated with any possible effect on histological damage and, as discussed previously, the significance of lipid peroxidation is unclear. Despite the evidence suggesting that oxidative stress and increased oxidative metabolism may play a role in the pathogenesis of human alcoholic liver disease, it remains to be shown that treatment with specific antioxidants will modify this process. 

---