Bleaching industrial oxidative

Hydrogen peroxide applications include commercial bleaching dye oxidation, the manufacture of organic and peroxide chemicals. Hydrogen peroxide is also used in pulp and paper chemical synthesis, textiles, and environmental control, including municipal and industrial water treatment. 

Beeswax. White [8012-89-3] and yellow [8006 0 ] beeswax has been known for over 2000 years, especially through its use in the fine arts (2). References to wax prior to the nineteenth century are probably to beeswax. Beeswax is secreted by bees and is used to construct the combs in which bees store their honey. The wax is harvested by removing the honey and melting the comb in boiling water the melted product is then filtered and cast into cakes. The yellow beeswax cakes can be bleached with oxidizing agents to white beeswax, a product much favored in the cosmetic industry. Imports of beeswax into the United States for the years 1990—1995 are Hsted in Table 1. Historically, Brazil had long supplied the majority of beeswax to the United States, but now (ca 1997) other countries such as China, Thailand, and Canada supply the majority of the material imported into the United States (3). 

Products and Uses Extremely useful household chemical. Used for laundry bleach, bath cleansers, tile cleansers, and cleaning liquids. As an antimicrobial agent, bleaching agent, oxidizing agent. Chlorine is used industrially to bleach paper products this process results in highly toxic compounds known as dioxins. 

The chemical reactivity of sodium hypochlorite has been used by scientists in order to benefit from its many possible chemical interactions with inorganic or organic entities. Sodium hypochlorite is used in very strong industrial oxidation processes and is also handled by consumers for household maintenance. This chapter will deal only with household applications and uses, which range from laundry whitening and destaining to surface disinfection and deodorization. From a commercial standpoint, aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite have been sold worldwide for many decades under a multitude of well-known brand names and is known generically, for instance, as bleach or eau de Javel. 

Chemical bleaching is never used on oils intended for edible use because it oxidizes unsaturated fatty acids to cause off-flavors. However, it does find wide usage for specialty linseed oil, for the paint industry, and fatty chemicals such as sorbitan esters of fatty acids and sodium stearoyl lactylate. Residual peroxide is destroyed by heating above its decomposition temperature. 

At present, chlorine dioxide is primarily used as a bleaching chemical in the pulp and paper industry. It is also used in large amounts by the textile industry, as well as for the aching of flour, fats, oils, and waxes. In treating drinking water, chlorine dioxide is used in this country for taste and odor control, decolorization, disinfection, provision of residual disinfectant in water distribution systems, and oxidation of iron, manganese, and organics. The principal use of chlorine dioxide in the United States is for the removal of taste and odor caused by phenolic compounds in raw water supplies. 

Hydrogen peroxide is normally sold for industrial use as a 30% by mass aqueous solution. When used as a hair bleach (as a 6% solution), it acts by oxidizing the pigments in the hair. A 3 % H2Q2 aqueous solution is used as a mild antiseptic in the home. Contact with blood catalyzes its disproportionation into water and oxygen gas, which cleanses the wound ... 

As described in Section 4-1. one important class of chemical reactions involves transfers of protons between chemical species. An equally important class of chemical reactions involves transfers of electrons between chemical species. These are oxidation-reduction reactions. Commonplace examples of oxidation-reduction reactions include the msting of iron, the digestion of food, and the burning of gasoline. Paper manufacture, the subject of our Box, employs oxidation-reduction chemishy to bleach wood pulp. All metals used in the chemical industry and manufacturing are extracted and purified through oxidation-reduction chemistry, and many biochemical pathways involve the transfer of electrons from one substance to another. 

STABREX Stabilized Liquid Bromine9 is far more stable than liquid chlorine bleach. For example, several tons of the new product were shipped to India and stored for one year above 90 °F. The product remained within specification (less than 10% degraded) for the entire year, after which it was successfully used to control fouling in an industrial water system. Chlorine would have completely degraded in this time under these conditions. Chemical wastage was eliminated. Accident risk in transporting oxidant was reduced because less volume was necessary. Table 2 shows the stability of the new product compared to industrial strength chlorine bleach in well-controlled laboratory tests. 

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