Own undertaking

New or better products (or services) must create new benefits that are perceptible for the customer. 

A competitive advantage over competitors must be achieved. 

Marketing as a way of thinking and operating can be summarized in the following concepts  

What market shares What turnover What profit  

What path will we take to achieve our goal  

---

The chemical company argued that the specialist contractor was in effect responsible In law for the Injury to their own employee as the work was outside their own undertaking and that the chemical company had in fact undertaken an appropriate level of selection and management of contractors and therefore could not be held liable. 

The national organizations are often relayed into each profession by a body created and financed by this profession and which undertakes all or part of the work in preparing the standards. In the petroleum industry, this role is carried out in France by the BNPet (Bureau de Normalisation du Petrole) and in Germany by the FAM (Fachausschuss Mineralol-und Brennstoffnormung), in the United Kingdom by the IP (Institute of Petroleum), and in the USA by the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). In the first two cases, the standards are published only by the national organizations (AFNOR and DIN respectively), while the IP and the ASTM also publish their own documents, only some of which are adopted by the BSI and ANSI, respectively. 

What was not anticipated was that m 1998 Celera Genomics of Rockville Mary land would undertake its own privately funded program toward the same goal By 2000 the two groups agreed to some coordination of their efforts and published draft sequences in 2001 with final versions expected m 2003... 

Not every project requires the same attention to each of these activities. It will depend upon the type of project you are undertaking, its size and scope, and the type of organization you are affiliated with. Use your own judgment in selecting the steps important to the success of your project. 

One most often undertakes kinetic studies to develop an understanding of the reaction mechanism. Other motives sometimes apply one can learn about the stability, or shelf life, of a material and the practicality of preparing a given substance in the laboratory or commercially. This book is directed toward individuals who wish to be able to read in their own fields of interest the scientific literature that uses these techniques for the study of chemical reactions and the deduction of their mechanisms. It is also intended to be of use to those who plan to undertake these studies on their own. 

The Australian and Malaysian governments currently do not undertake pharmaceutical manufacturing. Formerly, the Australian Government owned the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, but it privatized this operation in the early 1990s. Similarly, the Malaysian Government ended its role in pharmaceutical manufacturing in 1993. In view of the trend towards privatization of public enterprise, more governments can be expected to follow the examples of Australia and Malaysia. 

Since the exact mechanism of the rearrangement of unsubstituted amidoxime DMAD adduct 51 was unclear, we decided to undertake our own studies. These... 

Those inventions that are valuable for society, which include innovative pharmaceuticals, generate positive externalities, that is, the benefits falls to society at large. The sum of these benefits gives the social benefit or value of the invention. In this way, patents represent the appropriation of part of this social value. Naturally, when businesses decide to undertake a project they do so with their own benefit in mind. Some research, particularly basic research, might not be undertaken in these circumstances, and therefore governments decide to invest to fill the gap that may be left by the patent system. Basic research allows the development of multiple applications and the discovery of scientific principles. The field of genetics is a prime example of this. 

Potential customers can be confident that a laboratory which meets the requirements of the appropriate Standard will also satisfy their requirements without having to undertake their own inspections. This is why organizations are stipulating that laboratories must meet the requirements of one of the internationally recognized Standards before they can be considered for contracts to carry out analytical work. 

ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assumes any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. 

Although I am aware that most of the work that you and Porton, etc., undertake is freely published, there remains the absolutely unacceptable provision that the work of you and your colleagues can always be subject to classification hence, so can that of anybody who has lent you even the most marginal assistance. Once my own work is published I cannot of course control what is done with it, but I am not obliged to connive at or encourage its utilization in the ways that stand contrary to the basic principles of freely exchanged information upon which the future of our civilization depends. 

---