UNDERTAKER

The national organizations are often relayed into each profession by a body created and financed by this profession and which undertakes all or part of the work in preparing the standards. In the petroleum industry, this role is carried out in France by the BNPet (Bureau de Normalisation du Petrole) and in Germany by the FAM (Fachausschuss Mineralol-und Brennstoffnormung), in the United Kingdom by the IP (Institute of Petroleum), and in the USA by the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). In the first two cases, the standards are published only by the national organizations (AFNOR and DIN respectively), while the IP and the ASTM also publish their own documents, only some of which are adopted by the BSI and ANSI, respectively. 

The development of a line of lubricant additives is an expensive and slow undertaking the market for these products —on the order of 10 billion dollars in 1992— is very large and is dominated by a few companies. 

It should be noted that our example used a very simple reservoir model to show the principle. NOS mapping is usually a fairly complex undertaking. 

Introduction and Commercial Application JUe objective of performing appraisal activities on discovered accumulations is to reduce the uncertainty in the description of the hydrocarbon reservoir, and to provide information with which to make a decision on the next action. The next action may be, for example, to undertake more appraisal, to commence development, to stop activities, or to sell the prospect. In any case, the appraisal activity should lead to a decision which yields a greater value than the outcome of a decision made in the absence of the information from the appraisal. The improvement in the value of the action, given the appraisal information, should be greater than the cost of the appraisal activities, otherwise the appraisal effort is not worthwhile. 

If the company is fully self-financing for its new ventures, then the appropriate discount rate would be the rate of return of the alternative investment opportunities (e.g. other projects) since this opportunity is foregone by undertaking the proposed project. This represents the opportunity cost of the capital. It is assumed that the return from the alternative projects is at least equal to the cost of capital to the company (otherwise the alternative projects should not be undertaken). 

For restoring of three-dimensional SD is used stated above approach. Under restoring of tomographic images for the base undertakes a function of three-dimensional total image, which after double differentiation and inverse projecting describes sought SD 8 (1) ... 

All the experimental teats described so far have been confined to binary mixtures, but of course it is also desirable to know whether flux relations adequate in binary mixtures are still successful in mixtures with more than two components. Even in the case of ternary mixtures the form of explicit flux relations is very complex, and a complete investigation of the various matrix elements, in their dependence on both pressure and composition, would be a forbidding undertaking. Nevertheless some progress in this direction has beet made by Hesse and Koder [55] and by Remick and Geankoplis [56]. 

The last (4th) Edition of this book appeared in i960, and has been followed by four New Impressions, the last in 1967. The rapid and ceaseless changing of the presentation of organic chemistry— both theoretical and practical—warranted an entirely new edition, but this would have entailed a massive task, for which neither Dr. B. C. Saunders nor I had time or opportunity to undertake. 

The decision to undertake this project was prompted by Barbara Goldman at John Wiley Sons, who was willing to believe in a first-time author. Her suggestions greatly improved the quality of the finished text. Darla Henderson and Jill Roter were also very helpful in bringing the project to completion and making the existence of bureaucracy transparent. 

What was not anticipated was that m 1998 Celera Genomics of Rockville Mary land would undertake its own privately funded program toward the same goal By 2000 the two groups agreed to some coordination of their efforts and published draft sequences in 2001 with final versions expected m 2003... 

The steps may be so chosen as to correspond to consecutive points on the experimental isotherm. In practice it is more convenient to divide the desorption process into a number of standard steps, either of relative pressure, or of pore radius, which is of course a function of relative pressure. The amount given up during each step i must be converted into a liquid volume i , (by use of the normal liquid density) in some procedures the conversion is deferred to a late stage in the calculation, but conceptually it is preferable to undertake the conversion at the outset. As indicated earlier, the task then becomes (i) to calculate the contribution dv due to thinning of the adsorbed film, and thus obtain the core volume associated with the mean core radius r by the subtraction = t ... 

Our primary objective in undertaking this examination of the coil expansion factor was to see whether the molecular weight dependence of a could account for the fact that the Mark-Houwink a coefficient is generally greater than 0.5 for T 0. More precisely, it is generally observed that 0.5 < a < 0.8. This objective is met by combining Eqs. (9.55) and (9.68) ... 

In 1993 there were over 100 organisations undertaking plasma fractionation woddwide, having plant capacities ranging from 4 to 1800 m /yr. Virtually all of these plants use methods based on those originally devised. Table 2 Hsts the six commercial manufacturers in the United States and the largest plasma fractionators woddwide. 

The EDS process was developed starting from 1976 in a 10-year joint undertaking between DOE and private industry (127). Under the direction of Exxon Co. USA, a 250 t/d pilot plant was operated at Baytown, Texas. Operation of this unit began in 1980 and was completed by late 1982. 

Decision. Whereas a conclusion that conditions are to some degree unsafe requires that something be done, what should be done depends on the range and impact of the conclusion. The problem may be easy to correct, or it may no longer exist. The data may describe past conditions that do not presendy exist but may recur. It may be that the only possible decision is to undertake significant exposure reduction efforts at great cost. The possibiUty of each decision should have been anticipated when the evaluation was plarmed so that the data in hand support the decision that must be made. 

Nonstandard and Military Matches. Because match manufacture is a series of high speed and highly mechanized operations, any variation that involves dimensional or incisive procedural changes is a significant undertaking which is only warranted if continual high production is to result. 

CAAA Impact on Nonutility Power Producers. The SO2 and NO regulations being implemented as part of the CAAA of 1990 primarily target electric utiHty power plants. However, under Phase II of the CAAA, nonutiHty power producers will be requited to acquire emissions allowances for any SO2 being emitted from new faciHties. Although industrial emitters of SO2 and NO are not directly affected, the EPA did undertake a study to estimate what contribution industrial producers have on annual estimated SO2 production in the United States (10). The report found that annual industrial SO2 emissions would remain below the predeterrnined critical limit of 5.6 x 10 tons/yr until at least 2015 (10). Thus, the agency recommended no new controls for industrial SO2 emissions at this time. 

Fermentation. Much time and effort has been spent in undertaking to find fermentation processes for vitamin C (47). One such approach is now practiced on an industrial scale, primarily in China. It is not certain, however, whether these processes will ultimately supplant the optimized Reichstein synthesis. One important problem is the instabiUty of ascorbic acid in water in the presence of oxygen it is thus highly unlikely that direct fermentation to ascorbic acid will be economically viable. The successful approaches to date involve fermentative preparation of an intermediate, which is then converted chemically to ascorbic acid. 

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