Ovule development

Thomson, J.D., Andrews, B.J. and Plowright, R.C. (1982). The effect of a foreign pollen on ovule development in Diervilla lonicera (Caprifoliaceae). New Phytologist 90 777-783... 

NADEAU, J.A., ZHANG, X.S., LI, J., O NEILL, S.D., Ovule development Identification of stage-specific and tissue-specific cDNAs, Plant Cell, 1996, 8,213-239. 

Once fertilized, the ovule develops into a seed (see Section 6.15.3). The surrounding ovary tissue may expand to form a fruit protecting the seed and attracting animals to disperse the seeds (see Section 6.12.4). 

In order to avoid conception, abstinence from sexual intercourse during the fertile period of the menstmal cycle must be practiced (77,104). It has been deterrnined that the fertile period in women occurs before menstmation (105,106), and formulas have been developed to determine the fertile and infertile days of the menstmal cycle. Ovulation has been linked to a cycHc shift in basal body temperature (107), which can be used retrospectively to determine the time of ovulation. 

Analysis of ESRB 7 mice showed fewer and smaller litters than wild type mice as well as abnormal vascular function and hypertension. The reduction in fertility was attributed to reduced ovarian efficiency. Mutant females had normal breast development and lactated normally. Older mutant males displayed signs of prostate and bladder hyperplasia. s -2-deficient mice furthermore display diverse regulatory defects in the function of brain, lung, and white blood cells. The results indicated that ESRB is essential for normal ovulation efficiency but is not essential for lactation, female or male sexual differentiation, or fertility. 

Induction of ovulation, stimulation of multiple follicle development... 

Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum, placenta, and in small amounts by the adrenal cortex. Progesterone and its derivatives (ie, the progestins) transform the proliferative endometrium into a secretory endometrium. Progestins are necessary for the development of the placenta and inhibit the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, which in turn prevents maturation of the ovarian follicle and ovulation. The synthetic progestins are usually preferred for medical use because of the decreased effectiveness of progesterone when administered orally. 

Historically, the 1950s represented an important time in the control of human fertility. It was during that decade that the first combined oral contraceptives were developed. Shortly after the discovery that the exogenous administration of hormones such as progesterone successfully blocked ovulation, the use of hormonal steroids quickly became the most popular method of contraception worldwide. Specifically, combined oral contraceptives represent the most commonly used reversible form of contraception today and it is estimated that nearly 100 million women worldwide take oral contraceptives.1 Further, in the United States, it is estimated that at some time during their lives, more than 80% of women born since 1945 have used oral... 

A normal ovulatory cycle consists of follicular development, ovulation, corpus luteum development, and luteolysis. 

Efficacy Alleviation of acute bleeding when present ovulation and subsequent pregnancy in women desiring this reduced risk of developing the long-term complications of, for example, PCOS (e.g., diabetes and cardiovascular disease) improved quality of life. 

This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It is known to mimic estrogen in the body (hyperestrogenism). In animals, it has caused feminization of male animals and interfered with conception, ovulation, and fetal development in female animals. Specific signs and symptoms of acute high-dose exposure to zearalenone have not been established or have not been published. 

Terranova, P. 1997. Potential roles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in follicular development, ovulation and the life-span of the corpus luteum. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 14(1), 1-15. 

Typically, 400 follicles will mature and fully ovulate during an average woman s reproductive lifetime. The remaining 99.98 per cent of her follicles begin to develop, but regress due to inadequate FSH stimulation. The molecular detail of how FSH (and FH) promotes follicular growth is described in the main body of the text. 

Experimentally produced zinc deficiency in toad (Bufo arenarum) embryos resulted in adults with abnormal ovarian development, altered meiotic and ovulation processes, and embryos with a high incidence of congenital malformations (Herkovits et al. 1989). 

Ovary apparently normal in its development, but does not present normal frequency of spontaneous ovulations. 

Another problem is the direction of pollen tube growth, which should be considered as tropism, related to attraction by the fertile ovules. Many observations of pollen tubes in the fluorescence microscope supported this suggestion—pollen tubes pass by the sterile ovules and grow in the direction of the fertile ones. The number of ovules penetrated by a pollen tube is correlated with the number of developing seeds, which supports the hypothesis about interaction (attraction) between the ovule and pollen tube (1,2,5). 

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