Overview prominent

In line with the policy of Advances to provide periodic coverage of major developments in physical methodology for the study of carbohydrates, A. Dell (London) here surveys the use of fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry in application to carbohydrates. This technique has achieved rapid prominence as the soft ionization technique of choice for structural investigation of complex carbohydrate sequences in biological samples. The author s extensive personal involvement in this field makes her chapter a critical, state-of-the-art overview for the specialist, as well as a valuable primer for the reader unfamiliar with this technique. 

Numerous cases of arsine poisoning have been reported (Elkins and Fahy 1967 DePalma 1969). However, these reports lack definitive exposure concentration data and usually lack exposure duration data as well. Some of the more recent and complete reports involving nonlethal consequences are described in the following section. These reports do not provide quantitative data suitable for AEGL derivations, but they do provide valuable insight into the nature and progression of arsine poisoning in humans. In most cases, the severity of the effects was usually sufficient to necessitate medical intervention to prevent lethality. Some of the more prominent reports and those with the best descriptive data have been summarized, but the overview is by no means exhaustive. 

Figure 6.1 Overview of a generalized downstream processing procedure employed to produce a finished-product (protein) biopharmaceutical. QC also plays a prominent role in downstream processing. Qualty control personnel collect product samples during/after each stage of processing. These samples are analysed to ensure that various in-process specifications are met. In this way, the production process is tightly controlled at each stage...

In this contribution we want to provide a short overview addressing the current state-of-the-art of water-soluble fullerene derivatives and their potential applications as antioxidant or neuroprotective drug candidates. After summarizing the most prominent concepts of designing water-soluble fullerenes in the first chapter we will present some more recent achievements with respect to biological activities of antioxidant fullerenes, with emphasis on our own results. 

In molecules, the interaction of surrogate spins localized at the atomic centers is calculated describing a picture of spin-spin interaction of atoms. This picture became prominent for the description of the magnetic behavior of transition-metal clusters, where the coupling type (parallel or antiparallel) of surrogate spins localized at the metal centers is of interest. Once such a description is available it is possible to analyze any wave function with respect to the coupling type between the metal centers. Then, local spin operators can be employed in the Heisenberg Spin Hamiltonian. An overview over wave-function analyses for open-shell molecules with respect to local spins can be found in Ref. (118). 

In our second example we consider the reduction of chlorinated ethenes including the prominent solvents tetrachloroethene (perchloroethylene, PCE) and trichloro-ethene (TCE). An overview of the hypothesized reaction sequence for reduction of these compounds by zero-valent iron (Fe(0) has been constructed (Fig. 14.15 Arnold and Roberts, 2000). Identical or very similar reaction schemes have been... 

Theoretical aspects of underwater expins were studied intensively during WWII. The prominent names associated with these studies are Kirkwood, Bethe, Brinkley, Penney and Dasgupta. Most of their efforts were summarized in presently hard-to-find NDRC reports. Fortunately Cole (Ref 1, Chaps 2,4 8) provides an excellent detailed overview of their work. In this section we will follow Cole s presentation very closely. A less detailed summary of the theoretical studies is given in Chapt 13 of Ref 10... 

It is an axiom of modern organometallic chemistry that the pursuit of late transition metal complexes is ultimately driven by the need to formulate ever more efficient catalysts and reagents for chemical synthesis. In this respect, the field of poly(pyrazolyl)borate chemistry is no different from any other, albeit that in the case of the group 10 triad the breadth of study is perhaps more limited than for other metals and/or ligands. This section provides an overview of prominent results in respect of both catalysis and the C—H activation processes that underpin them. 

This overview presents chelators with a tetrapodal pentadentate topology, that have recently been introduced as ligands in coordination chemistry. The overview is followed by a review of the more prominent ligands, their complexes and selected aspects of their reactivity. 

The synthesis of interlocked molecules has become commonplace over the past 25 years with the gradual development of a number of highly facile template methods for their construction. What were once laboratory curiosities have now taken a prominent place in the broad field of supramolecular chemistry, especially regarding their uses and further potential as molecular switches and machines [1], We present here an overview of the main synthetic approaches to these molecules, with a focus on methods in which macrocyclization reactions result in interlocked products. The analysis is by no means meant to be comprehensive or exhaustive in detail, but rather to convey the variety and utility of the selected synthetic strategies in generating abiotic rotaxane and catenane superstructures. 

The remainder of this review is outlined as follows. The historical method development of EA use for global cluster geometry optimization is briefly recalled in Sect. 2. An overview of typical application work in recent years is provided in Sect. 3. In Sect. 4, we take a side glance at other methods to tackle the same and related problems, and briefly discuss advantages and disadvantages of some the prominent alternatives to EAs. Finally, in Sect. 5 recent method development work is summarized, and we try to give some (personal, biased) opinions on which open questions such developments should address in the future. 

Scheme 12 Overview of the most prominently used synthetic polymers for nano- and microgels...

A wide range of literature is available on the subject of risk perception. For a brief overview, readers are referred to Risk and Modern Society edited by Lofstedt and Frewer (1998). For a detailed investigation with respect to social constructions of risk, a collection of writings from prominent authors is presented in Social Theories of Risk edited by Krimsky and Golding (1992). 

Considerable effort has been expended upon investigating the electronic absorption and fluorescence properties of carbazole derivatives or molecules containing a carbazole moiety/substructure, due to the interest of these compounds for application as nonlinear optical chromophores and as photoconducting materials. In the following, selection of papers is guided mainly by criteria of structural relevance, omitting very bulky molecules in which the carbazole unit is not prominent, or studies of luminescence properties. An overview of the electronic absorption spectra of carbazole derivatives is provided in Table 24. 

Photocatalysis and its related technological issues have been strongly influenced by recent publications. The present Volume 36-Photocatalytic Technologies of the Elsevier s Advances in Chemical Engineering Series aims at offering a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art photocatalytic technology. In order to accomplish this, several prominent researchers were invited to contribute a chapter for the Volume 36. 

Radical chemistry has considerably matured since the pioneering and now classical studies of Gomberg nearly a century ago. The field has become much too vast to allow coverage in one book. In continuation with the aims of the preceding volume in this series, prominent radical chemists describe some of the above-mentioned areas that are of interest to them, with emphasis placed on their own contributions. The hope is to gradually provide an overview of the progress and evolution of the various aspects of radical chemistry, as presented by the actors themselves. 

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