Overview pilot testing

Rautenbach and MeUis [75] describe a process in which a UF-membrane fermentor and a subsequent NF-treatment of the UF-permeate are integrated. The retentate of the NF-step is recycled to the feed of the UF-membrane reactor (Fig. 13.8). This process has been commercialised by Wehrle-Werk AG as the Biomembrat -plus system [76] and is well suited for the treatment of effluents with recalcitrant components. The process also allows for an additional treatment process, like adsorption or chemical oxidation of the NF-retentate, before returning the NF-retentate to the feed of the UF-membrane fermentor. Usually, the efficiency of these treatment processes is increased as the NF-retentate contains higher concentrations of these components. Pilot tests with landfiU leachates [75] and wastewater from cotton textile and tannery industry have been reported [77]. An overview of chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and COD concentrations in the permeate are shown in... 

As stated at the outset, this paper is intended to provide a historical overview and some insight as to the types of operations, procedures and equipment used in the Army s Demilitarization Program for Chemical Munitions. In each of the areas discussed there has been a considerable amount of study, laboratory experimentation and pilot testing accomplished to define the specific design criteria. 

Bonne, A. 1992. Overview of the HADES project. Pilot test on radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. (Proceedings of a Workshop, Braunschweig, Germany), CEC eds, EUR 13985, 223-238. 

The physicochemical and other properties of any newly identified drug must be extensively characterized prior to its entry into clinical trials. As the vast bulk of biopharmaceuticals are proteins, a summary overview of the approach taken to initial characterization of these biomolecules is presented. A prerequisite to such characterization is initial purification of the protein. Purification to homogeneity usually requires a combination of three or more high-resolution chromatographic steps (Chapter 6). The purification protocol is designed carefully, as it usually forms the basis of subsequent pilot- and process-scale purification systems. The purified product is then subjected to a battery of tests that aim to characterize it fully. Moreover, once these characteristics have been defined, they form the basis of many of the QC identity tests routinely performed on the product during its subsequent commercial manufacture. As these identity tests are discussed in detail in Chapter 7, only an abbreviated overview is presented here, in the form of Figure 4.5. 

Laboratory units can be divided into bench-scale, research-, and pilot-scale. Bench-scale units, available in sizes of 20 to 500 ml (up to 400 bar) are used for screening tests, because one can obtain a relatively fast overview of the influence of the diverse major parameters, and only small quantities of raw material are necessary. Optimization duties require research units in sizes of 2 to 10 1, and are available in the pressure range between 325 and 700 (1000) bar. Such units enable quantity- and quality analyses. An illustration of one commercially available unit is shown in Fig. 8.1-1. For scale-up purposes, pilot plants ranging from 20 to 100 1, with design pressures up to 550 (700) bar, are recommendable for use with new products. 

The aim of this chapter is to give a short overview of recent trends on application of extractive separations in contactors with one and two immobilized L/L interfaces and their perspectives. Industrial applications and pilot-plant tests will be stressed and selected case studies highlighted. 

This volume provides an overview of current fundamental and applied combustion research studies that address the use of synthetic fuels. The main emphasis in these studies is on the combustion of liquid fuels, ranging from research on spray atomization to pilot-scale testing of the combustion of synthetic fuels. 

The PVC industry is actively involved in the development of recycling solutions for contaminated mixed plastics waste streams with a high PVC content. Potential technologies for achieving this goal are tested at present at pilot scale. This paper provides an overview of the projects under investigation and the results obtained so far, while development work continues. 9 refs. 

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