Output-input curves

Figure 9. The output-input curve with all optical bistability at 200 ns pulse width Nd YAG laser.

All-optical bistability angular dependence, 324 experimental setup, 321,323/ output-input curves, 321,324,325/ thermal effect, 324 All-optical guided wave devices examples, 124,125/126... 

P5.01.18. INPUT OR OUTPUT RESPONSE CURVES, RAMP SHAPE... 

A 12-m length of pipe is packed with 1 m of 2-mm material, 9 m of 1-cm material, and 2 m of 4-mm material. Estimate the variance in the output C curve for a pulse input into this packed bed if the fluid takes 2 min to flow through the bed. Assume a constant bed voidage and a constant intensity of dispersion given by IMudp = 2. 

Suppose we measure the sloppy input and output tracer curves for a process vessel for the purpose of studying the flow through the vessel, thus to find the E curve for the vessel. In general this requires deconvolution (see Chapter 11) however, if we have a flow model in mind whose parameter has a one-to-one relationship with its variance, then we can use a very simple shortcut to find the E curve for the vessel. 

When we talk about tracers, we generally mean conservative tracers with no sources or sinks. This is opposed to gas tracers, with gas transfer to the atmosphere, and reactive tracers, with a reaction occurring. Tracer studies typically use a conservative tracer, input to the system in a highly unsteady manner, such as a pulse or a front. The pulse and front are typically a more stringent test of the model than a steady-state process with any variety of reactions. Thus, a model that properly simulates the output concentration curve of a pulse or front is assumed to be sufficient for most real conditions with reactions. 

Power output VVolll (curve a) and thermodynamic efficiency T (curve b) as a function of heat input rate Oin for a ratio of T0/h = 0.5. 

Instantaneous flow rate measurements for every point of an industrial device are very difficult and often practically impossible, which is why the hydrodynamic mode of a reaction mixture is determined indirectly by the distribution of liquid particles using the duration of their pass through the reaction zone. A random value (the duration of a particle pass) measurement requires marking of the particles in a way which allows detecting the input and output moments and therefore, drawing the curve of concentration distribution in the flow and at the output. This curve is called the output curve/response curve, responding pulsed input of inert indicator [117,118]. 

The input/output power at 25°C for a module calculated by extrapolation of I-V curves for a 5 s constant current charge/discharge is shown in Fig. 12.5. As the rated output/input power for the module is 12.5 kW and 8 kW, we can use the module between 15 and 90% SOC. This wide serviceable SOC range means the ability to supply or receive power at almost any time and allows the battery to have a large... 

The driver horsepower must be greater than the calculated (or value read from curves) input BHP to the shaft of the pump. The mechanical losses in the coupling, V-belt, gear-box, or other drive plus the losses in the driver must be accounted for in order that the driver rated power output will be sufficient to handle the pump. 

Figure 14-5. Dashed line denotes a linear or direct relationship between input current and output horsepower for induction motor. Solid curves show how far from reality that relationship is for actual motors. Without such a calibration curve for the motor in question, determining the change in load from a measured change in current is not possible. (Used by permission Nailen, R. L. Hydrocarbon Processing, p. 205, Sept. 1973. Gulf Publishing Co. All rights reserved.)...

FIGURE 3.2 General curve for an input/output function of the rectangular hyperbolic form (y = 50x/( 1 Ox + 100)). The maximal asymptote is given by A/B and the location parameter (along the x axis) is given by C/B (see text). 

In general, a model will express a relationship between an independent variable (input by the operator) and one or more dependent variables (output, produced by the model). A ubiquitous form of equation for such input/output functions are curves of the rectangular hyperbolic form. It is worth illustrating some general points about models with such an example. Assume that a model takes on the general form... 

The form of that function is shown in Figure 3.2. There are two specific parameters that can be immediately observed from this function. The first is that the maximal asymptote of the function is given solely by the magnitude of A/B. The second is that the location parameter of the function (where it lies along the input axis) is given by C/B. It can be seen that when [Input] equals C/B the output necessarily will be 0.5. Therefore, whatever the function the midpoint of the curve will lie on a point at Input = C/B. These ideas are useful since they describe two essential behaviors of any dmg-receptor model namely, the maximal response (A/B) and the potency (concentration of input required for effect C/B). Many of the complex equations... 

Figure 10-15. Output vs. input energy characteristic of our laser device. The horizontal dashed curve indicates the zero line. A clear laser threshold behavior at an excitation pulse energy ol 1.5 nJ is observed. Below the lasing threshold only isotropic phololuminesccncc is entitled. Above threshold the device emits low divergence single mode laser emission perpendicular to the surface, as schematically shown in the inset. The laser light is polarized parallel to the grating lines.

With the multitude of transducer possibilities in terms of electrode material, electrode number, and cell design, it becomes important to be able to evaluate the performance of an LCEC system in some consistent and meaningful maimer. Two frequently confused and misused terms for evaluation of LCEC systems are sensitivity and detection limit . Sensitivity refers to the ratio of output signal to input analyte amount generally expressed for LCEC as peak current per injected equivalents (nA/neq or nA/nmol). It can also be useful to define the sensitivity in terms of peak area per injected equivalents (coulombs/neq) so that the detector conversion efficiency is obvious. Sensitivity thus refers to the slope of the calibration curve. 

Although the linear activation function passes more information from the input to a node to its output than a binary function does, it is of limited value in layered networks as two nodes in succession that both use a linear activation function are equivalent to a single node that employs the same function, thus adding an extra layer of nodes does not add to the power of the network. This limitation is removed by the use of curved activation functions. 

In curve fitting, a set of points is given as input, and the required output is a function that passes through or close to the given points and possibly predicts the locations of future points as yet unknown. Complexity of the evolved function, in terms of number of operators used or modality, can also be taken into consideration when fashioning a fitness function of this kind. 

A from 85VAC input. Its measured efficiency was around 62%, in line with the published datasheet curves, and also the predictions of my Mathcad spreadsheet (that spreadsheet is, incidentally, available on the accompanying CD-ROM of my A to Z book). The output stage of my grizzly creation is shown in Figure 5-3 (try selling this one ). But it works ... 

For the Buck, we see that the input capacitor RMS actually maxes out at D = 50%, whereas the output capacitor RMS current (curve number 12) increases dramatically at low D (high input). Does that really mean that we have to worry about the dissipation in the output capacitor Think about it. The output capacitor in a Buck is barely responsible for any of its losses, since it sees only the smoothened (undulating) inductor current. So yes, as a... 

MAMBAC was performed using a modified protocol where one indicator is used as the input variable and the sum of the remaining indicators is used as the output variable. This procedure was applied to the individual PSWQ indicators and to the paired indicators (MAMBAC does not work well with dichotomous indicators, so the third indicator set was not used). The authors reported that all of the resulting curves were dish-shaped, but only two of the averaged curves were presented. Interestingly, the average curve for the paired indicators showed a complete peak on the extreme right. On the other hand, the base rate estimates were inconsistent with the exist-... 

The various properties of the input and output curves are in the second... 

The response curve (RC) represents the calibrated output response of a sensor as a function of the measurand/s applied to its input. For instance, in the case of a chemical sensor based on conductivity (G), it is recommended to use one of the following notations [1] for the output response ... 

In conclusion, the area of a plot of E against time (the measuring curve or thermogram) will be proportional to the net heat input or output (Q). In practice, the proportionality constant (X/ne ) is determined in a separate calibration experiment (see following discussion). 

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