Outer sea area

In the Danish and Swedish coastal waters of the Kattegat, ice forms in 30-50% of all winter seasons, with maximum values recorded in the harbors and relatively sheltered areas in the immediate vicinity of the outer coasts, and minimum values in the areas that are closest to the outer sea. In about 25% of all winter seasons, drift ice occurs in the outer sea area of the Kattegat, with thicker ice usually encountered in its southern part, decreasing toward the north. Most of the ice is formed in the Kattegat itself, beginning in its southwestern part and in... 

Figures 8.6 and 8.7 show the typical distribution of ice thicknesses and ice concentration in the winter months for the outer sea area and inner fairways on the coast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The outer curve represents the daily frequency of ice formation. The frequency distribution has several maxima, which is typical of the western and southern Baltic and characterizes winter climate in these latitudes, with several freezing and thawing periods.

The period of ice occurrence and extent of ice fields vary considerably in the different winter seasons, depending on meteorological conditions. Although short periods of ice formation with loose floe ice prevail in the outer sea areas, several-month periods with very close ice have occurred as well. Here, as everywhere, experience has shown that an early or late beginning of ice formation does not allow any conclusions as to the later development of the winter season. It is quite possible that a late beginning of ice formation is followed by an ice-rich winter or, vice versa, that an early onset of ice formation is followed by a mild winter. In the outer sea, ice has to be expected from mid-February. In extreme ice seasons, maximally 60-90 days of ice are observed. In outer sea areas, the last ice after a severe ice season does not melt until early May normally this date is 1 month earlier. 

In the outer sea area of the Gulf, the average number of days with ice in winter increases from 40 in the westernmost part to 60-80 in the middle, and about 100 days in the easternmost part. In severe ice seasons, the number of days of ice formation in the above areas is 100,110-130, and 170, respectively. 

Phase 3 Drift ice floes freeze together into consolidated ice in the outer sea areas. 

The frequency of ice occurrence in the outer sea is 10-20% from about 57 N northward, 25% from about 58 N, and 50% on the northern and northeastern margins of the area. The frequency of ice occurrence in the other, southerly part of the Gotland Sea is extraordinarily low. Only a combination of several unfavorable factors (particularly low salinity, particularly low heat storage, long-term inflow of extremely cold air masses from the east as early as December and through March, high radiation of heat) can lead to ice formation in this area. During the past century, there have been only three winters with major ice formation in the entire sea area (1939/1940, 1940/1941, 1946/1947), and within the past 50 years only two winters (1955/1956 and 1986/1987) with some drift ice occurrence, which is a frequency clearly below 5%. 

In the sea area of eutrophication, N and P were often supplied plentifully. The N P ratio was often regarded as the dominant factor, and when it was about 16 in the outer sea, and 5 15 in coastal area, phytoplankton could attain their growth climax. The N P ratio was always higher than 100 in the northern sea area, the highest was over 300, about 40 100 in the middle sea area, and 30 40 in the southern sea area. It can be concluded that DIN in the PRE was in surplus comparatively, and phosphate may be the limiting factor. Such a similar conclusion can be seen from other research results in the PRE. 

According to Article 54 of The Hague Regulations (1907), submarine cables connecting an occupied territory with a neutral territory shall not be seized or destroyed except in case of absolute necessity . This means that, under the traditional law, submarine communications cables are not protected from desfruction if they connect enemy territory with the territory of an ally of the enemy or if they connect enemy territory, which is not occupied, with neutral territory. Moreover, Article 54 is limited to land warfare and, therefore, does not necessarily provide for interference with submarine communications cables in sea areas beyond the outer limit of the territorial sea. The San Remo Manual has not necessarily contributed to an improvement of the protection of submarine communications cables, it merely provides that belligerents shall take care to avoid damage to cables [...] laid on the sea-bed which do not exclusively serve the belligerents . ... 

Earlier utilization of the coastal area was out of human instincts and was based on its natural condition. A natmal gulf with perfect shield from violent storms in the outer sea often served as a port for ships looking for protection. Fishery was also restricted to the coastal area. Van de Ven mentioned in his Man-Made Lowlands History of Water Management and Land Reclamation in the Netherlands that in the centuries after 800, the Dutch became the decisive factor in the formation and deformation of the land. The peat areas behind the coast were reclaimed by artificial drainage, and in the newly reclaimed peat areas, both arable farming and animal husbandry were practiced. 

The sea boundary of a river mouth area or the outer boundary of an open nearshore zone of a river mouth is defined by a maximum propagation distance of the outer (marine) part of the frontal zone into the sea, when river and sea waters are mixed in the surface layer. This boundary is arbitrarily defined by the location of the isohaline equalling about 90% of water salinity in the adjacent part of the sea at the river high-flow period. 

At that time, on the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea, weak currents up (to 0.10 ms-1) along the outer front of the desalinated area off the Danube River mouth were observed. As was noted in [23], the MRC features almost no... 

Casings and heavy-duty terminal boxes are often made of cast iron or fabricated from thick steel plates. Occasionally cast bronze may be used, in services offshore where sea water corrosion may be a problem. In these cases the entry is usually threaded. The gland is screwed into the threaded hole. A washer may be required between the outer surface of the box and the gland, to satisfy the requirements for ingress of liquids and particles, and for the hazardous area. When Ex (d) glands are used with Ex (d) boxes it is necessary to ensure that the prescribed number of threads on the gland enter the hole. 

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