Other Osmotic Agents

Growth occurs Growth occurs Growth occurs Growth occurs Growth occurs in the Growth occurs in the 

Organism is susceptible to ampicillin concentration in medium greater than 1600 yg/ml. 

Fusidic Acid Gentamicin Kanamycin Lincomycin Methicillin Metronidazole Minocycline Nafcillin Nalidixic Acid Neomycin 

Paromomycin Penicillin G units Phenethicillin Phenoxymethyl Penicillin Polymyxin B units (Aerosporin) 

Organi (disc) Organi picill Organi (disc) Organi picill Organi (disc) Organi picill 

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C. Clinical Use These drugs are used to maintain high urine flow (eg. when renal blood flow is reduced and in conditions of solute overload from severe hemolysis or ihabdomyolysis). Mannitol and several other osmotic agents are useful in reducing intraocular pressure in acute glaucoma and intracranial pressure in neurologic conditions. 

SECTION 18 SODIUM CHLORIDE OTHER OSMOTIC AGENTS -TOLERANCE AND REQUIREMENTS... 

Ben-Hayyim etal. (1987) demonstrated that cultured citrus cells selected for tolerance to NaCl were most tolerant to polyethylene glycol, followed by NaCl and then CaC. The exposure of the cells to any of these osmotic agents resulted in an increase in intracellular K. The authors concluded that K played a key role in the growth of cells exposed to salt. Other researchers have also suggested that K may play a significant role in the response of plant cells to salinity (Rains, 1972 Croughan, Stavarek Rains, 1978 ... 

Saline laxatives like MgS04, Mg(OH)2, Mg2 Citrate and Na+ Phosphates act via their osmotic pressure to retain water in the colon. Other osmotic laxatives are carbohydrates such as lactulose, glycerin, sorbitol, and mannitol. They are not absorbed and are resistant to digestion in the small intestine. Most agents are orally administered. It should be noted however that glycerin, sodium phosphates and sorbitol are formulated for rectal use. From lactulose lactic and acetic acids are formed by intestinal bacteria and apart from its osmotic effects it thus acidifies the content of the colon. The reduction of the pH stimulates motility and secretion. 

Delivery systems that use a multicompartment core can theoretically deliver drugs of any solubility [48,49], A basic Push-Pull System consists of two layers the Lrst contains the drug, osmotically active hydrophilic polymer(s), and other pharmaceutical excipients the second layer, often called the push layer, contains a hydrophilic expansion polymer, other osmotically active agents, and the excipients, as shown in Figure 22.6. Poorly water-soluble compounds can be delivered using an ORO Push-Pull tlelivery system by incorporating drug as a micronized form, or as a hot-melt material suspended in a polymer matrix. 

Different modifications are used to alleviate the limitations associated with delivery from an EOP. One method involves the use of composite structures that form a microporous layer for the easy penetration of water and a relatively thin semipermeable membrane. The use of bicarbonate salts to prevent blocking of orifice, buffers to modify drug solubility, and addition of adjunct osmotic agents to the core represent other modifications that can be explored.17... 

Renal Issues. The parent CDs can all show a toxic effect on the kidney when given parenterally. The nephrotoxicity of a- and p-CD manifests itself as a series of alterations in the organelles of the proximal tubule cells. ° The toxicity is initially expressed as an increase in apical vacuoles, which is typical of an adaptive response tothe excretion of osmotic agents at extremely high concentrations. This effect reverses upon discontinuation of CD administration. However, there are also other cellular changes not typical of... 

The other agents used in pharmaceutical suspensions (pH control agents, buffers, osmotic agents, stabilizers, vehicles, colorants, flavors, fragrances, and preservatives to control microbial growth) are not discussed in this article. 

Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Class Diuretic, osmotic agent, and dermatological agent... 

General ingredients include the drug, solid lipids, emulsifiers, and water. Depending on the application, other ingredients might be present (osmotic agents, matrices for lyophilization, buffers, etc.). 

Although it has always been possible tc administer drugs and other bioactive agents to small animals in a rate-controlled manner, the advent of ALZET osmotic minipumps has irade it reliable and simple to do so. The minipumps (Figure 6) have been designed with delivery rates of 1.0 or 0.5 yl/hr, and delivery durations, respec-... 

Sucrose is often used as a decorative agent to impart a pleasing appearance to baked goods and confections (36). In jams and jeUies, sugar raises osmotic pressure and lowers water activity to prevent spoilage (18). Sucrose is a fermentation substrate for lactic acid in cultured buttermilk (40) and lowers the freezing point of ice cream and other frozen desserts to improve product mouthfeel and texture. 

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