Other Module Configurations

Some manufacturers have developed unique module configurations that rely on novel methods of introducing turbulence into the feed 

Stream as a method of minimizing concentration polarization. These configurations are generally suited to treat more difficult waters, such as waters containing high concentrations of suspended solids. 

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There are four basic forms for RO membrane modules Plate and frame, tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fine fiber. These four configurations are summarized in Table 4.3 and discussed below. Additionally, some manufacturers have developed other module configurations that are briefly discussed in Chapter 4.3.5. 

The Software Design partitions the Functional Specification into operational units, referred to as modules. Some modules may be suitable for implementation with COTS software packages, in which case the software packages and any configuration requirements should be defined. Other modules will require custom (bespoke) programming. 

Transfer of software modules, configuration, graphics, data, and other software objects needs to be managed and controlled formally when building the validation and live environment. Control is also required over the development environment to avoid rework and inefficient software development. 

Dorr-Oliver began to search for other polymers suitable for casting asymmetric UF membranes. By 1965, the first laboratory-scale UF membranes and cells appeared on the market. The ten-year period between 1965 and 1975 was a period of intense development where chemically and thermally resistant membranes were made from polymers like polysulfone (PS) and even polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) in molecular weight cut-offs (MWCO) from 500 to 1,000,000. Hollow fibers were also developed during this decade and a whole host of module configurations. Tubes, plate and frame units, and spiral-wound modules became available. 

Depending on the process application, one or the other of these requirements is of primary importance and, for this reason, a number of different modules have been designed. The most important designs are the plate and frame, the spiral wound and the hollow fiber module. Optimization procedure and some of its results will be discussed for only one module configuration, the hollow fiber module-and for only one application-RO. 

Capillary electrophoresis instrumentation includes a power supply, injector, capillary and detector. It is often set up as a modular system where the power supply, detector and other modules are bought separately off the shelf and configured by the scientist. The heart of the system is the capillary where separation occurs. Because capillaries in CE are mostly open tubular and not packed, resolution is excellent and peaks are very sharp. A high voltage is required to move the buffer through the capillary. 

Beyond defining the product and configuration often the easiest place to start setting a boundary is with the logical system architecture. For example, the system may be modular with weU-demarcated interfaces to other components. In this case, it is reasonable to apply a boundary around the module and either include or exclude the relevant interfaces. On the other hand, it is quite possible that a module is only ever deployed in conjunction with other modules and therefore this level of granularity may be inappropriate. 

In particular, the project is associated with a 25 tonnes per day COj capture plant, in which the flue gas is at atmospheric pressure and, apart from CO2 (about 11-12%), contains also other gases such as N2, O2, H2O, SO and NOj as well as particulate matter. For post-combustion CO2 capture, the project considers both the existing commercial separation techniques (solvent absorption with amino acid and potassium carbonate solvents) and also novel capture options, such as membrane and adsorption. With respect to the membranes, the programme includes the evaluation of the performance of module configurations under real flue gas conditions, and with respect to the membrane plant, two process options are available ... 

In a plate-and-frame module configuration (Figure 5.3) sets of two membranes are placed in a sandwich-like fashion with their feed sides facing each other. In each feed and permeate compartment, a suitable spacer is placed. A plate-and-frame stack is build up by the number of membrane sets needed for a given membrane area equipped with sealing rings and two end plates. The packing density (membrane surface per module volume) of such modules is low and about 100-400 m m . ... 

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