Other Materials of Interest

Nespurek et al. (1981) and Slavinska et al. (1983) measured hole mobilities of amorphous, polyciystalline, and spherulitic layers of ethyl 2,5-di(anilino)-terephthalate and its oligomer. The transport was strongly influenced by trapping. In the amorphous phase, the trap depth was approximately 0.50 eV. The presence of crystalline or spherulitic domains in the amorphous phase form- 

Domes et al. (1987) reported hole mobilities of a benzotriazole derivative doped into a PC. The field dependencies were described as log t = pE. Domes et al. argued that the concentration dependence was consistent with predictions of the three-dimensional continuum percolation theory (Straley, 1982 Deutscher et al., 1983 Halperin et al., 1985 Feng et al., 1987). 

Enokida et al. (1990) measured hole mobilities of 2,5-bis(p-diethylamino-pheny 1)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1 -(3 -methylpheny 1)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-6-carboxylaldehyde-1. l -diphenylhydra/.onc, and l,l-bis(p-diethylaminophenyl)-4,4-diphenyl-l,3-butadiene doped polymers. The polymer was PC. At 5.0 x 105 V/cm, the mobilities were 5.7 x 10-8,1.2 x 10-6, and 8.7 x 1( 6 cm2/Vs for the oxadiazole, hydrazone, and butadiene doped polymers, respectively. The authors attributed the differences in mobility to differences in ionization potential. The ionization potentials vary from 5.11 to 5.74 eV. 

Ulanski et al. (1990) described hole mobilities of poly(paracyclophane) (PDE) and PDE doped with 4% tetracyanoethylene (TCNE). The field dependencies were described as log i E. The temperature dependencies were described by an Arrhenius relationship with a field-dependent activation energy. For PDE, the zero-field energy was 0.80 eV. The incorporation of TCNE resulted in an increase in mobility of approximately an order of magnitude. The authors suggested that this is caused by a decrease in the plane-to-plane distance in a cyclophane unit due to complexing with TCNE. 

Harima et al. (1996) measured hole mobilities of Zn tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP). The photocurrent transients were highly dispersive. The field dependencies were described as logfi /3EI/2 where (3 decreased with increasing 

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Metal oxides. Noble metals are covered with a surface oxide film in a broad range of potentials. This is still more accentuated for common metals, and other materials of interest for electrode preparation, such as semiconductors and carbon. Since the electrochemical charge transfer reactions mostly occur at the surface oxide rather than at the pure surface, the study of electrical and electrochemical properties of oxides deserves special attention. 

The vapor pressures at 1473 K of a few of the actinide elements and other materials of interest are given in Table III. All of the actinide (An) elements through einsteinium can be obtained by this process ... 

This topic is well covered by the contributions in this volume. CMP continues to be viewed as a surprisingly unique and flexible semiconductor fabrication technology by virtue of its ability to make manufactureable potential fabrication sequences that are either too cumbersome or too low in yield to be fabricated in any other manner. Using virtually any CMP polisher, a variety of materials of interest to IC fabricators can be planarized. These materials include insulators, semiconductors, interconnect metals, and barrier metallurgies. This means that once a user becomes adept in polishing one kind of material, typically oxide and W at first, other materials of interest and other semiconductor processing sequences become viable. 

Other materials of interest which have been studied relative to the effects of light radiation are Ag nitride, Ag iodide, Pb azide, and Ag acetylide-Ag nitrate (SASN)... 

Bioseparations frequently entail separations of proteins and related materials from biological matrices.1 This book is planned to serve as a handbook of bioseparations, where the primary focus is separations of proteins however, separations of other materials of interest such as nucleic acids and oligonucleotides are also covered to assist the reader in tackling their particular bioseparation problems. Included in this text is a chapter on the separation of monoclonal antibodies, as these materials have found numerous uses in the biopharmaceutical industry. As a matter of fact, in the last few decades, monoclonal antibodies and recombinant antibodies have become one of the largest classes of proteins that have received FDA approval as therapeutics and diagnostics. 

A large variety of proteins and other materials of interest are discussed in this section. 

In this section, we provide worked examples of NEXAFS analysis of commonly used OTFT semiconductors pentacene and P3HT. In addition, we discuss some of the applications of NEXAFS to other materials of interest to the organic semiconductor community liquid crystalline conjugated polymers and molecular electronics. We aim to provide a basis for understanding the practical implementation of the technique and a foundation for interpreting results. 

Table 1 provides an overview of a small sampling of liquids of the relevant properties for a few common optofluidic liquids. Note that this represents a non-comprehensive list, other parameters of particular interest include fluid-fluid surface tension, fluid-solid surface energy, contact angle, fluid-solid electroosmotic mobility, compatibility with soft elastomers (or other materials of interest), and numerous others. 

Considerable historical life test data exists for sodium / refractory metal heat pipes at temperatures consistent with those needed for the JIMO design. Previous investigators had demonstrated heat pipe longevity of up to 50,000 hours, but documentation was seldom available on how temperature, material impurity levels, and mass fluence affected the corrosion behavior of the heat pipes, in addition, few post-test forensic examinations had been conducted. The purposes of this program were to verify that heat pipes built with current procedures met the historical longevity database and to then extend the database to other materials of interest (such as Nb1%Zr and T 111). 

Initial evaluations of chemicals produced for screening are performed by smelling them from paper blotters. However, more information is necessary given the time and expense required to commercialize a new chemical. No matter how pleasant or desirable a potential odorant appears to be, its performance must be studied and compared with available ingredients in experimental fragrances. A material may fail to Hve up to the promise of its initial odor evaluation for a number of reasons. It is not at all uncommon to have a chemical disappear in a formulation or skew the overall odor in an undesirable way. Some materials are found to be hard to work with in that their odors stick out and caimot be blended weU. Because perfumery is an individuaHstic art, it is important to have more than one perfumer work with a material of interest and to have it tried in several different fragrance types. Aroma chemicals must be stable in use if their desirable odor properties are to reach the consumer. Therefore, testing in functional product appHcations is an important part of the evaluation process. Other properties that can be important for new aroma chemicals are substantivity on skin and cloth, and the abiHty to mask certain malodors. 

Ion probes. Determining the level of ions in solution also helps to control corrosion. An increase in concentration of specific ions can contribute to scale formation, which can lead to a corrosion-related failure. Ion-selective elec trode measurements can be included, just as pH measurements can, along with other more typical corrosion measurements. Especially in a complete monitoring system, this can add information about the effect of these ions on the material of interest at the process plant conditions. 

In the UV most of the materials of interest, e.g. Si, polysilicon, SiGe, GaAs, and other semiconductor materials, are strongly absorbing this enables surface-sensitive measurements. Surface roughness, native oxide covering, material composition, and structural properties can be analyzed. 

If we add a known amount of a compound to our solution, we can use it to quantify the material of interest. This is great except that we may not want to contaminate our material with some other compound. A number of people have looked at using standards that are volatile so that they can be got rid of later (TMS is an example that we have seen published). The problem with this approach is that if the sample is volatile then you need to run it quickly before it disappears. TMS disappears really quickly from DMSO so it is probably not a good idea in this case. TMS also suffers from the fact that it has a long relaxation time so you have to be very careful with your experiment to ensure that you do not saturate the signal. The last major problem with TMS is that it comes at the same part of the spectrum as silicon grease which can be present in samples. Choosing a standard so that it has a short relaxation time, is volatile and comes in a part of the spectrum free of interference is really tricky. In fact, we wouldn t recommend it at all. 

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