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Other Mammalian Peptide Hormones

Fig. 1. Processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) the precursor for the melanocortins and opiates in the mammalian pituitary gland. Processing occurs by proteolytic cleavage at sites of paired amino acids, some of which are shown here as dark bands. In both the anterior and the intermediate lobes, POMC is processed into an ACTH biosynthetic intermediate and into )J-lipotropin ()3-LPH 1-91). In the anterior lobe, subsequent processing yields the two biologically important products, ACTH 1-39 and )S-MSH. In the intermediate lobe, ACTH 1-39 is further processed to yield a-MSH (ACTH 1-13) and corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP). -MSH is derived, via y-MSH, from the 16-K fragment of POMC. This hormone varies in length in different species. Also in the intermediate lobe, /3-LPH is processed to produce p-endorphin 1-31. Many other small peptide fragments, of uncertain biological properties, are also produced, (from Strand et al., 1989). Fig. 1. Processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) the precursor for the melanocortins and opiates in the mammalian pituitary gland. Processing occurs by proteolytic cleavage at sites of paired amino acids, some of which are shown here as dark bands. In both the anterior and the intermediate lobes, POMC is processed into an ACTH biosynthetic intermediate and into )J-lipotropin ()3-LPH 1-91). In the anterior lobe, subsequent processing yields the two biologically important products, ACTH 1-39 and )S-MSH. In the intermediate lobe, ACTH 1-39 is further processed to yield a-MSH (ACTH 1-13) and corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP). -MSH is derived, via y-MSH, from the 16-K fragment of POMC. This hormone varies in length in different species. Also in the intermediate lobe, /3-LPH is processed to produce p-endorphin 1-31. Many other small peptide fragments, of uncertain biological properties, are also produced, (from Strand et al., 1989).
Vasopressin (VP), antidiuretic hormone, ADH, H-Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Xaa-Gly-NH2 (disulfide bond Cys -Cys ), a member of the neurohypophyseal peptide hormones. VP has antidiuretic activity, and in higher doses it increases blood pressure. In bovine and other mammalian hormones Xaa = Arg (AVP), but in the porcine peptide Xaa = Lys (LVP). VP shows strong structural similarities to oxytocin, and has a slight oijytocin effect. VP is synthesized by the magnoceUular... [Pg.391]

The principal hormones of the human posterior pituitary include the two nonapeptides, oxytocin [50-56-6] and arginine vasopressin [11000-17-2] (antidiuretic hormone, ADH). Many other hormones, including opioid peptides (see Opioids, endogenous), cholecystokinin [9011-97-6] (CCK) (see Hormones, BRAIN oligopeptides), and gastrointestinal peptides, also have been located in mammalian neurohypophysis (6), but are usually found in much lower concentrations (7). Studies have demonstrated that oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized in other human organs, both centrally and peripherally, and there is considerable evidence for their role as neurotransmitters (see Neuroregulators) (8). [Pg.187]

Hormones of insects and crustaceans. Peptide neurohormones of insect brains348 include the pentapeptide proctolin (Table 30-5), which was first iso-lated from the cockroach and has since been found in crustaceans and in mammalian brain. It has been traced to specific insect neurons.349 A nonapeptide neurohormone from the shore crab does not resemble any other known vertebrate or invertebrate hormone.350... [Pg.1760]

The MAPKs are protein kinases activated by growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and environmental stresses. One or more MAPKs are activated by almost every cell stimulus. The first MAPKs sequenced, Ksslp and Fus3p, are also the kinases most similar to mammalian ERKl/2 and were found in the pheromone response pathway of the budding yeast nearly 20 years ago (8). Subsequently, activities found in mammalian cells that favored Ser/Thr residues followed by Pro in substrates were purified and were shown to be mammalian MAPKs. More than a dozen mammalian MAPKs have now been identified. The hallmark of the MAPK family is the hi-peptide motif (Thr-Xxx-Tyr) located within the activation loop (T-loop) of the kinase domain, which contains the two sites phosphorylated to activate the kinases (2-9). Based on the canonical TZY motif and other features of the primary sequence, MAPKs are classified even more into three major subgroups the extracellular... [Pg.1124]

Thi ,DPhe BK [Thi ,DPhe ]-bradykinin. bradykinin-potentiating peptide teprotide. bradykinin potentiator B teprotide. BRADYKININ RECEPTOR AGONISTS act at sites recognizing members and derivatives of the bradykinin family of hormone peptides - kinins - of which bradykinin (BK) and kallidin (lysyl-bradykinin Lys-BK KD) are the main mammalian members. The bradykinin family is distinct from the tachykinin family of peptides, though both have profound hypotensive actions and contract many intestinal and other smooth muscles. Historically, it was noted that the former action was relatively slow-developing, hence the name bradykinin. Notable actions of bradykinin and kallidin are to dilate blood vessels and increase their permeability to plasma proteins, and to stimulate sensory nerve C-fibres. These actions are pro-inflammatory, and reflect the fact that the kinin-formation system is activated in inflammation, and enzymes (kallikreins) form the kinins from blood-borne or tissue precursors (kininogens) on injurious insult. [Pg.54]


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Hormone mammalian peptide

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Peptidic hormones

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