Oswald process

Nitric acid is produced commercially by oxidation in the Oswald process. The first step of this process is shown below,... 

It was proved that the new process can be realized on a commercial scale. Unfortunately, the consumption of electricity is quite high, and the new process cannot compete with the Oswald process under present prevailing prices of raw materials and utilities. 

Corrosive Sublimate and Calomel. A method for preparing a rather pure mercurous chloride (calomel) was known to Parisian physicians before 1608 (83). Oswald Croll prepared it by a secret process, and Jean Beguin in his Tyrocinium Chymicum, which was published in 1608, described the process. This mild sublimate was made by rubbing corrosive sublimate with as much mercury as could be "killed or made to combine with it (240, 241, 242). Calomel, corrosive sublimate, and vermilion have been manufactured for centuries at Hankow, China (243). 

TM Oswald, TJ Ward. Enantioseparations with the macrocyclic antibiotic ristocetin A using a countercurrent process in CE. Chirality 11 663-668, 1999. 

Magneli-type TiH02H 1 phases should have been formed (Berger et al., 2001 Naumann et al., 2003). However, brookite formation may be the result of a thermodynamic process akin to Oswald s rule of steps, whereby the steep temperature gradient attained during plasma spraying will cause the formation of metastable phases. 

The technical production of malathion can be carried out in a single-step process without the intermediate preparation of dimethyl phosphorodithioic acid, starting from phosphorus pentasulfide, methanol and maleic acid diethyl ester (Matolcsy and Oswald, 1955 1957). 

More recently Oswald, Griesbaum, and Hall [82] reported that allene can be reacted with aliphatic and aromatic dithiols in a free-radical process to give thiol- or allyl-terminated difunctional polythioethylenedithiols useful for elastomers, mastics, or adhesive applications. 

One year after Fawcett s unauthorized statement, the ICl process for polymerizing ethylene to (technically useful) solid polymers was formally disclosed in British Patent 471590 (applied 4 Febmary 1936, allowed 6 Sept. 1937) and the related US Patent 2153553 (Polymerization of olefins, PubUcalion date 11 April, 1939 Priority date 4 Feb, 1936 Fawcett Eric William, Gibson Reginald Oswald, Perrin Michael Willcox, ICl Fimited). 

There is little opportunity to improve further the Oswald nitric acid process. The overall efficiency of ammonia conversion into acid is in the range of 949fr 96%, The process is self-sufficient in energy supply and can even export steam. Up to 80% of platinum catalyst losses can now be recovered. Capital investments were significantly reduced by the development of high-pressure absorption and with the design of efficient and reliable compressors and expanders. Economies of scale improve little for single-train units with capacities above 1,000 tpd. 

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