Organophosphorus surface water

Y. Pico, A. J. H. Louter, J. J. Vreuls and U. A. Th Brinkman, On-line trace-level enrichment gas chromatography of triazine herbicides, organophosphorus pesticides and organosulfur compounds from drinking and surface waters , Analyst 119 2025 -2031... 

Sabik, H. and R. Jeannot. 2000. Stabihty of organophosphorus insecticides on graphitized carbon black extraction cartridges used for large volumes of surface water. J. Chromatogr. A 879 73-82. 

Bolhnann, U.E., Moller, A., Xie, Z. Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in coastal and marine surface waters. Water Res. 46, 531 (2012)... 

Sabik, H., Fouquet, A., and Proulx, S., Ultratrace determination of organophosphorus and organonitrogen pesticides in surface water, Analusis, 25, 267-273, 1997. 

In a study covering a wide range of polar and acidic pesticides deethylatrazine and atrazine besides anilide, phenoxy acid, phenylurea, carbamates and other types of specific pesticides in river water were determined by ESI-LC-MS and MS/MS. Recoveries, depending on preconcentration steps, obtained with different SPE materials (PLRS-S, Hyshere-1, LiChrolut EN and Isolute ENV -i-) and at different pH values were reported [502]. Sixteen of the most widely used pesticides in Southern Italy were monitored in surface water samples taken in the Calabria region. Triazines were determined quantitatively by LC-UV and ESI-LC-MS(-i-) and were confirmed by MS [537]. In another study the simultaneous determination of 26 non-acidic (base and neutral e.g. triazine, carbamate, anilide, N-substituted amine, urea and organophosphorus type) and 13 acidic (sulfuron and phenoxy acid type) pesticides in natural waters was performed using ESI-LC-MS. Recoveries... 

Surface runoff from agricultural lands represents an important route for the transport of organophosphorus insecticides into surface waters. Edge of field concentrations are necessarily site-specific due to variations in application... 

Figure 1. Transport and transformation processes affecting the movement of organophosphorus insecticides into surface waters.

Frank R, Braun HE, Chapman N, et al. 1991b. Degradation of parent compounds of nine organophosphorus insecticides in Ontario surface and ground waters under controlled conditions. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 47 374-380. 

Hopkins EH, Hippe DJ, Frick EA, Buell GR (2000) Organophosphorus pesticide occurrence in surface and ground water of the United States, 1992-97. US Geological Survey Report 00-187... 

In general, organophosphorus compounds show relatively low thermal stability. They decompose relatively quickly under the process conditions, either being converted to phosphorus pentoxide, or in the presence of water vapour to higher, condensed phosphoric acids. It is phosphorus compounds such as these which reach the surface of the catalyst. Most researchers have concluded that phosphorus poisoning is non-selective and can therefore additionally serve as a model for other non-selective poisons such as lead and zinc. Most researchers have... 

The use of a direct event for indication of analyte presence and concentration allow this detection technique to be used in real time. This, together with the broad nature of the detection protocols, makes the sensor system ideally suited for application as an early warning device. The surfaces can be used for repeated assays throughout their frmctional lifetimes and are exceptionally sensitive, with limits of detection for organophosphorus compounds below the current safe drinking water standards (75, 14, 17, 18, 44). In addition to detection of a variety of analytes in solution (70, 12-18), these enzyme based surfaces have been applied to the detection of GB vapor as well as gaseous carbon dioxide 16, 18). 

A piezoelectric biosensor, for the detection of several organophosphorus pesticides was developed (Halamek et al., 2005). The sensor was based on the immobilization of a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase on the surface of the sensor. The binding of AChE to this inhibitor was monitored with a mass-sensitive piezoelectric quartz crystal. In the presence of an inhibiting substance in the sample, the binding of the enzyme to the immobilized compound was reduced, and the decrease of mass change was proportional to the concentration of the analyte in the sample. This sensor was applied to the determination of pesticides in river water samples. 

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