Organophosphorus flame

Quintana JB, Rodil R, Reemstma T, Garcia-Lopez M, Rodriguez I (2008) Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air II. Anal Methodol Trac Trend Anal Chem 27 904-915... 

Maridund A, Andersson B, Haglund P (2005) Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in air from various indoor environments. J Environ Monit 7 814-819... 

Makinen MSB, Makinen MRA, Koistinen JTB, Pasanen AL, Pasanen PO, Kalliokoski PI, Korpi AM (2009) Respiratory and Dermal Exposure to Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Tetrabromobisphenol A at Five Work Environments. Environ Sci Technol 43 941-947... 

Schindler BK, Eoerster K, Angerer J (2009b) Quantification of two urinary metabolites of organophosphorus flame retardants by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 395 1167-1171... 

Garcia-Lopez, M., I. Rodriguez, and R. Cela. 2007. Development of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers determination in water samples. J. Chromatogr. A, 1166 9-15. 

Phosphate esters (alkyl or aryl, or mixed) of phosphoric acid constitute an important family of organophosphorus flame retardants.25 Triethylphosphate, a colorless liquid boiling between 209°C and 218°C, and containing 17 wt % phosphorus, has been used commercially as an additive for polyester resins/laminates and in cellulosics. In polyester resins, it functions as a viscosity depressant as well as a flame retardant. Trioctylphosphate is employed as a speciality flame-retardant plasticizer for vinyl composites where low temperature flexibility is critical. It can be also included in blends, along with general purpose plasticizers, such as phthalate esters, to improve low temperature flexibility. 

Covad, A., Sakai, S., Van den Eede, N. A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some charaderistics of the chemicals. Environ. Int. 49, 57 (2012)... 

Bolhnann, U.E., Moller, A., Xie, Z. Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in coastal and marine surface waters. Water Res. 46, 531 (2012)... 

Cristale, J., Lacorte, S. Development and validation of a multiresidue method for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, new brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants in sediment, sludge and dust. J. Chromatogr. A 1305(267) (2013)... 

Kim, J.W., Isobe, T., Sudaryanto, A. Organophosphorus flame retardants in house dust from the Philippines occurrence and assessment of human exposure. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 20(2), 812 (2013)... 

Figure 5.44. Molecular structures of dual-action brominated organophosphorus flame retardants. Shown are (a) (4-bromophenyl)diethylphosphate, (b) (2,4-dibromophenyl)diethylphosphate, (c) (2,4,6-tribromo phenyl)diethylphosphate, and (d) (2,3,4,5,6-pentabromophenyl)diethylphosphate.

This has created opportunities for organophosphorus flame retardants because you can achieve these effects best by the way organophosphorus flame retardants work. 

I have briefly covered some of those factors I see having a strong influence on the foture development of organophosphorus flame retardants. 

A. Markltmd, B. Andersson and P. Haglund (2005) Environ. Sci. TechnoL, vol. 39, p. 7423 - Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in Swedish sewage treatment plants . 

New GC and GC-MS methods have been reported for simultaneous determinations of organophosphorus flame retardants in textiles, including a GC method combined with microwave-assisted extraction, and a GC-MS method following ultrasonic extraction, also a phosphate-based flame retardant in textiles by GC-MS, ° and in styrene-based polymers from waste electrical equipment by both GC (NP detector) and GC-MS. ° The gas chromatographic retentions of allq l phosphates on ionic liquid stationary phases have been studied, as well as a comparative study on the determination of di- -butyl phosphate in spent nuclear solvents by both gas- (GC) and ion chromatography (IC) methods/ ... 

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