Organophosphorus-based flame

New GC and GC-MS methods have been reported for simultaneous determinations of organophosphorus flame retardants in textiles, including a GC method combined with microwave-assisted extraction, and a GC-MS method following ultrasonic extraction, also a phosphate-based flame retardant in textiles by GC-MS, ° and in styrene-based polymers from waste electrical equipment by both GC (NP detector) and GC-MS. ° The gas chromatographic retentions of allq l phosphates on ionic liquid stationary phases have been studied, as well as a comparative study on the determination of di- -butyl phosphate in spent nuclear solvents by both gas- (GC) and ion chromatography (IC) methods/ ... 

More recent flame photometric methods rely on direct measurement of the phosphorus emission. If organophosphorus compounds are injected into a hydrogen flame, a continuous emission is obtained in the 490-650 nm region. A broad band system, with an intensity maximum at 526 nm, is superimposed on this background139 it is attributed to the HPO species formed in the flame. An early determination of phosphorus at 0.01-0.04 m concentrations was based on examination of the continuous emission standard and sample solutions were injected into the burner and the intensities were measured at 540 nm the calibration graph was linear down to the detection limit of 10 4 M phosphorus sodium or calcium, if present in the sample, interfered with the results140. 

Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are utilized on a large scale as flame retarding agents and plasticizers in a variety of products, such as plastic materials, rubbers, varnishes, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, and other industrial applications. This family of chemicals consists of alkylated and arylated phosphate or phosphonate esters and related compounds such as phosphites, phosphines, and related dimeric forms as well as ionic forms (Figure 31.2). " The low volatility of phosphoric acid and derivatives makes it the preferred choice of the phosphorus based FRs. These FRs are most effective in polymers that char readily. Also halogenated phosphate esters, such as tris(l-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), are widely used. These combine the properties of both the halogen and the phosphorus compounds. 

In addition to phosphate esters, many organophosphorus compounds based on P-C linkages are available for fireproofing or flame retardancy. Some flame-retardant esters contain more than one P atom (Section 12.15). 

Other organophosphorus polymers with relatively high decomposition temperatures include (12.222) [59-61]. Another development in flame-retardant materials has been polymers based on phenoxaphosphine. Among their advantages are their relatively high decomposition temperatures of 400-500 C. Typical of these are (12.223) and (12.224). 

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