Organophosphorous-based compounds

Generation lib. After the problems of the chlorinated organics became clear, the chemical and agricultural industry went to organophosphorous-based compounds. Although these compounds are not particularly long lived in the environment, they are more toxic to mammals as compared to the chlorinated compounds. 

Neurotoxicants, immunotoxicants, and teratogens were also further explored, and it was concluded that, except for the organophosphorous neurotoxicants, such compounds would be covered by the stmcmre-based, tiered TTC approach. For organophosphates, a human exposure threshold of... 

Bowman and Sans [12] measured Kow and water solubilities at 20°C for liquid and solid carbamates and organophosphorous insecticides and related compounds. Based on these data, they derived the following equation ... 

Accelerated solvent extraction is a new technique for the extraction of a range of organic pollutants from soils and related material. The technique is based on the use of a solvent or combination of solvents to extract organic pollutants at elevated pressure and temperature from a solid matrix. The range of organic pollutants for which the technique is proposed includes semi volatile compounds, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorous pesticides, chlorinated herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [66-69]. 

This system is also used for detection of supertoxins and chemical war gases based on organophosphorous compounds, responsible for the blocking of acetyl cholinesterase in the central nerve system. The system of enzymatic reactions used for the brief analysis of such substances is the following [4] ... 

Organophosphoric esters are very effective and degradable pesticides [304], which makes them preferable to their chlorine-based counterparts. Their hydrolysis behavior is well known [305], the final product being the orthophosphate ion. But these compounds are very toxic to humans because of their inhibiting effect on acetylcolinesterase as little as a few ppm can be lethal [306]. 

Flame-retardant textiles are textiles or textile-based materials that inhibit or resist the spread of fire. Factors affecting flammability and thermal behavior of textile include fiber type, fabric construction, thermal behavior of textile polymer and its composition as well as the presence or absence of flame additives. On the other hand, flame-retardant additives can be classified by their chemical composition or by mode of action, i.e., gas phase action or by the formation of protective barrier [49, 50]. Moreover, flame-retardant functional finishes of cellulose-based textiles can be accomplished by [i] using inorganic phosphates, (ii) with organophosphorous compounds, [iii) with sulfur-derivatives or (iv) by grafting flame retardants monomers [49,50]. 

Finally, some biological materials, mainly enzymes, have been introduced into carbon composite matrices and the resulting electrodes used as environmental biosensors (in addition to numerous other biosensing applications ). The main examples are based on tyrosinase (or polyphenol oxidase) for the detection of phenolic compounds or thiols, acetylcholinesterase for organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, ° ° organophosphorous hydrolase for pesticides, or bienzymatic systems for amperometric immunosensor for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ... 

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