Organofunctional silane coupling

Oulwaler.. 1.0. (1956). In Proc. lilt Annual Tech. Conf. Reinforced Plastics Div. SPI Sec. 9-B. Plucddemann, E.P. (1972), Cationic organofunctional silane coupling agents. In Proc. 27th Annual Tech. Conf. Reinf Plastic. SPI, Section 21-B. 

Salient considerations for the design of the molecular structure and conditions of application for organofunctional silane coupling agents include the following... 

Table 6.2 A comparison of various unsaturated acids and three organofunctional silane coupling agents as surface modifiers in 60wt% ATH -filled EVA [16],...

Table 12. Selected Organofunctional Silane Coupling Agents for Silica-Filled Rubber... 

Marsden JG, Sterman S. Organofunctional silane coupling agents (chapter 40). In Skeist I, ed. Handbook of Adhesives, 3rd ed. New York, NY Van Nostrand Reinhold 1990. 

Product Brochure, PCR Prosil Organofunctional Silane Coupling Agents, 7 pages. 

Performance of coupling agents in reinforced composites may depend as much on physical properties resulting from the method of appHcation as on the chemistry of the organofunctional silane. Physical solubiUty or compatibiUty of a siloxanol layer is determined by the nature and degree of siloxane condensation on a mineral surface. 

The subject of silane chemistry and its interaction with both glass surface and polymer resins have been studied extensively. Since the silane coupling agent for improving the bond quality has first appeared in the literature (Rochow, 1951), a wide variety of organofunctional silanes has been developed, prominently by Plueddemann and coworkers. An early compilation of this subject for epoxy and polyester matrix composites (Plueddemann et al., 1962, Clark and Plueddemann, 1963 Plueddemann, 1974), and more recent reviews on the use of silane agents and... 

Spectroscopic techniques are extremely useful for the characterization of filler surfaces treated with surfactants or coupling agents in order to modify interactions in composites. Such an analysis makes possible the study of the chemical composition of the interlayer, the determination of surface coverage and possible coupling of the filler and the polymer. This is especially important in the case of reactive coupling, since, for example, the application of organofunctional silanes may lead to a complicated polysiloxane interlayer of chemically and physically bonded molecules [65]. The description of the principles of the techniques can be found elsewhere [15,66-68], only their application possibilities are discussed here. 

Aliphatic organofunctional silanes recommended as coupling agents for glass-reinforced polyesters, epoxies, or phenolics have heat stabilities of typical aliphatic organic chemicals and are not at all comparable to the methyl or phenyl silicones found in silicone polymers and resins. 

In this review, we will briefly discuss selected literature on hydrolysis and condensation reactions at silicon which are relevant to organofunctional silanes. Some studies will involve simpler (lower functionality) models some may involve related chemical reaction classes illustrating a mechanistic point. We will then discuss selected references focused on silanes of the types used as coupling agents and crosslinkers. Finally, some reactions at the interface will be mentioned. 

Silane coupling agents the role of the organofunctional group... 

Silane coupling agents have the structure R—Si—X3, where R represents an organofunctional group and X is generally alkoxy. They are generally applied from water solutions or from organic solvent-water mixtures. In the presence of water, hydrolysis occurs step-wise to form alkoxysilanols, and eventually silane triols. Condensation of the silanols to siloxanes also occurs. Reactions shown schematically below ... 

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