Kauffman, Stuart

Allamandola, Louis J., 80 Apponi, Aldo J., 363 Bada, J. L., 282 Botta, Oliver, 246 Chalmers, J. H., 282 Clayton, Robert N., 141 Cleaves, H. J., 282 Delano, John W., 293 Ehrenfreund, P., 232 Eldredge, Niles, xvii Fegley, Bruce, Jr., 187 Ferris, James P., 293 Fisher, Kurt, 326 Friedrich, Jon M., 349 Halfen, DeWayne T., 363 Hazen, Robert M., 2 Kauffman, Stuart A., 310 Kleine, Thorsten, 208... 

Kauffman, Stuart A. 1970. Articulation of parts explanation in biology and the rational search for them. In PSA Proceedings of the biennial meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 257-272. Dordrecht Reidel. 

According to Stuart A. Kauffman (1991) there is no generally accepted definition for the term complexity . However, there is consensus on certain properties of complex systems. One of these is deterministic chaos, which we have already mentioned. An ordered, non-linear dynamic system can undergo conversion to a chaotic state when slight, hardly noticeable perturbations act on it. Even very small differences in the initial conditions of complex systems can lead to great differences in the development of the system. Thus, the theory of complex systems no longer uses the well-known cause and effect principle. 

According to Stuart Kauffman, self-organisation processes initiate a trend which leads to more complex states of the system. In living systems, there are two forces which determine order (Kauffman, 1995) ... 

I would like to thank Martijn Huynen, Stuart Kauffman, William Macready, Wlodek Mandecki, Melanie Mitchell, Richard Palmer, Alan Perelson, Christian Reidys and Bill Tozier for many helpful discussions on the material in this review and for reviewing early versions of the manuscript. I especially thank Margaret Alexander for assistance in collecting the papers for this review and Simon Fraser for help in crafting some figures. 

By CHRISTOPHER A. VOIGT, STUART KAUFFMAN,t and ZHEN-GANG WANG ... 

Stuart Kauffman of the Santa Fe Institute is a leading proponent of complexity theory. Simply put, it proposes that many features of living systems are the result of self-organization—the tendency of complex systems to arrange themselves in patterns—and not natural selection ... 

Another restless scientist is Stuart Kauffman of the Santa Fe Institute. The complexity of the metabolism of living organisms makes him doubt that a step-by-step approach would work ... 

The second alternative to Darwinian gradualism proposed in recent years is known as complexity theory and has been championed by Stuart Kauffman. In brief, complexity theory states that systems with a large number of interacting components spontaneously organize themselves... 

In order to have a metabolic and enzymatic system, it would be necessary to have proteinaceous enzymes which can catalyse the synthesis of other enzymes, and for this they should be capable of making peptide bonds. Such systems have not been found in nature, so far, but according to Stuart Kauffman (1986) they could have existed in the past, and in primitive compartments could have produced autocatalytic networks which had the potential to jump from chaos to order. Even if we admit that those enzymes existed, however, we still have the problem of accounting for the origin of the complex autocatalytic networks that housed them. 

To answer this question it is necessary to look at the special properties of the element carbon, the properties which are responsible for the emergence and evolution of complex organic molecules. The most important prebiotic condition for the beginning of biological evolution is the appearance of a complex mixture of molecules with a high diversity of structures. Stuart Kauffman calculated that such critical diversity should comprise at least 200,000 molecules with different structures. Basic properties of carbon are such that compounds of this element can form an enormous number of structures. More than ten million organic compounds are known at present. 

Stuart Kauffman described how this type of situation. .. S. A. Kauffman. Systems chemistry sketches, m Chemical Evolution across Space and Time From the Big Bang to Prebiotic Chemistry, ed. by Zalkowski and Friedrich. 2008, American Chemical Society. Volume 981, Chapter 17, p. 319. DOI 10.1021/bk-2008-0981.ch017. 

But in the very next essay, Stuart A. Kauffman. .. S. A. Kauffman. Evolution beyond Newton, Darwin, and entailing law The origin of complexity in the evolving biosphere. Chapter 8 in Complexity and the Arrow of Time, ed. by Lineweaver, Davies, and Ruse. 2013, Cambridge University Press, pp. 162-190, quote on p. 179. DOI 10.1017/ CB09781139225700.011. 

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