Organic working principle

A recent brief review showed the working principles of various automatic analyzers6. A modified account of N and O analysis will be presented here. Today there exist in the market instruments that perform organic elemental analyses in a few minutes. The ease and speed of such analyses enable the use of such instruments for routine analysis. Although some operational details vary from model to model and between one manufacturer and another, all these instruments can be considered as exalted versions of the classical Pregl determination of C and H by conversion to CO2 and H2O, together with Dumas method for N by conversion to N2, the calorimetric bomb method for S by conversion to SO2 and SO3 and Schultzes method for O by conversion to CO. This is combined with modern electronic control, effective catalysts and instrumental measuring methods such as IR detectors and GC analyzers. 

In the scope of this chapter, organometallic triplet emitters are of particular interest due to their promising use in electro-luminescent devices such as OLEDs (organic/organometallic light emitting diodes). (See for example [11-16].) In Sect. 2, the construction and working principle of an OLED is... 

In this chapter, specific examples of different types of organ-on-a-chip devices for drug screening and tissue engineering, such as lung-on-a-chip, heart-on-a-chip, vessel-on-a-chip, liver-on-a-chip, and tumor-on-a-chip, are discussed. The working principles of those devices as well as their applications are provided. As well, basic fabrication method of microfluidics devices, and future prospects of organ-on-a-chip are discussed. 

Accreditation has long been established in Australia and New Zealand using standards similar to ISO 17025, and many other countries have now set up or are in the process of setting up organizations working to similar standards and principles. 

Figure 6.19 Working principle of a bilayer heterojunction organic solar cell.

Basic working principles of organic photovoltaic devices... 

Working principles of organic solar cells are well described in a recent review and some monographs. More or less all types of organic solar cells described above comprise two components in the photoactive layer. One component serves as electron donor, whereas the other works as electron acceptor. Absorption of photons by the active layer components results in the electron transfer from donor to acceptor. This process called photoinduced charge transfer is a fundamental principle of operation of all known organic photovoltaic devices as well as the natural photosynthetic systems. In many cases, donor material is capable of efficient p-type transport and therefore can be called as p-type organic semiconductor. At the same time, electron acceptor material is denoted as n-type semiconductor in many cases. 

It is often the case that particular organizations will establish internal policies, rales and work systems which call for a level of performance above statutory or industry standards. Self-regulation legislation provides the impetus for employers and employees to establish and maintain the highest standards for work safety and health in every workplace. However, it is an industrial reality that the workplace standards will vary greatly between, and even within, organizations. The principle to adopt is that the aceeptable standards should always be as high as reasonably practicable in each... 

KAP 08] Kappaun S., Slugocv C., List E.J.W., Phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices working principle and iridium based emitter materials . 

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