Organic Resists

For e-beam resists, there have been several reports of new materials. For example, in order to circmnvent the disadvantages of polydisperse polymer systems, calixarenes have been employed as negative resists. E-beam resists consisting of liquid crystals have also been reported, based on polysubstituted derivatives of triphenylene. Patterns of approximately 14 nm were defined using these materials. 

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Pseudohypoparathyroidism is characterized by end-organ resistance to parathyroid hormone (98,108). This disease takes various forms, including Albright s hereditary osteodystrophy, which has unusual physical features and a generalized resistance to G-protein-linked hormones that function through cAMP as a second messenger. This defect is associated with a deficiency in the levels of the a-subunit of (109). Because this defect may be generalized, such patients also have olfactory dysfunction (110). 

Although the antibacterial spectmm is similar for many of the sulfas, chemical modifications of the parent molecule have produced compounds with a variety of absorption, metaboHsm, tissue distribution, and excretion characteristics. Administration is typically oral or by injection. When absorbed, they tend to distribute widely in the body, be metabolized by the Hver, and excreted in the urine. Toxic reactions or untoward side effects have been characterized as blood dyscrasias crystal deposition in the kidneys, especially with insufficient urinary output and allergic sensitization. Selection of organisms resistant to the sulfonamides has been observed, but has not been correlated with cross-resistance to other antibiotic families (see Antibacterial AGENTS, synthetic-sulfonamides). 

Name Type Test organisms Resistance standard... 

Isoniazid and rifampin are the two most important tuberculosis drugs organisms resistant to both these drugs [multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)] are much more difficult to treat. 

The long-term (more than several weeks) use of levofloxacin in children and adolescents has not be approved because of concerns about effects on bone and cartilage growth. However, most experts agree that the drug should be considered for children with tuberculosis caused by organisms resistant to both INH and RIF. The optimal dose is not known. 

Phosphoric and polyphosphoric acid esters Perfluorinated anionics Sulfonic acid salts Strong surface tension reducers Good oil in water emulsifiers Soluble in polar organics Resistant to biodegradation High chemical stability Resistant to acid and alkaline hydrolysis... 

Tuberculosis remains a major global public health problem. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 8 million new cases of tuberculosis and 3 million deaths directly attributable to tuberculosis each year [22], Drug resistance is a serious problem worldwide. In a study in New York City, 33% of patients with tuberculosis were infected by organisms resistant to at least one antituberculosis drug, and 19% were infected by organisms resistant... 

Figure 12. Description of the functions of polymer films forming organic resists, acting as the information pattern in the design and fabrication of electronic integrated circuits.

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