Organic molecular sensors

Many current organic molecular sensors employing metalloporphyrins are based upon the ability of the... 

Cyclophanes or 7r-spherands have played a central role in the development of supramolecular chemistry forming an important class of organic host molecules for the inclusion of metal ions or organic molecules via n-n interactions. Particular examples are provided by their applications in synthesis [80], in the development of molecular sensors [81], and the development of cavities adequate for molecular reactions with possible applications in catalysis [82]. The classical organic synthesis of cyclophanes can be quite complex [83], so that the preparation of structurally related molecules via coordination or organometallic chemistry might be an interesting alternative. 

Abstract Silver clusters, composed of only a few silver atoms, have remarkable optical properties based on electronic transitions between quantized energy levels. They have large absorption coefficients and fluorescence quantum yields, in common with conventional fluorescent markers. But importantly, silver clusters have an attractive set of features, including subnanometer size, nontoxicity and photostability, which makes them competitive as fluorescent markers compared with organic dye molecules and semiconductor quantum dots. In this chapter, we review the synthesis and properties of fluorescent silver clusters, and their application as bio-labels and molecular sensors. Silver clusters may have a bright future as luminescent probes for labeling and sensing applications. 

Cyclodextrins (Sect. 2.2), have the ability to include various organic molecules in their central cavities. Chromophores have been finked to cyclodextrins to build spectroscopic sensors for organic molecules. Many fluorescent cyclodextrins have been prepared to be used as molecular sensors in solution. 

This contribution gives a survey of recent developments in the field of belt-, ball-, and tube-shaped molecules. During the past few years there have been several break-throughs in this area. Therefore the development will progress much faster in the future than in the past. All new compounds discussed in this review contain cavities, holes, niches, or channels which are of topical interest in the fields of supramolecular chemistry and molecular recognition, as well as in molecular self-organization and sensor applications. 

Nature of cocktail materials in calcium ISEs. The electrochemical performances of calcium ISEs (and all other ISEs based on organic-type sensors) depend on the structure of the sensor as well as mediator. Thus, calcium ISEs fabricated from calcium salts of dialkylphosphoric acids depend on the solvent mediator, e.g. di-octylphenyl phosphonate (DOPP) yields a calcium ISE whereas decan-l-ol produces the so-called water hardness (or calcium/ magnesium) ISE. Several fundamental studies have been made on the molecular variation of these two critical constituents (13-21). 

Self-assembled monolayers of surfactant molecules constitute model systems that permit incorporation of diverse chemical and physical properties and ease of preparation. Technological areas involving electronic and optical devices, sensors and transducers, protective and lubricating layers, and pattemable materials require ultrathin organic molecular films in which the relationships between structure, forces, and electrical and mechanical properties are continuously under investigation according to their application." ... 

Polyazamacrocycles (or azacrown ethers) attract a thorough and constant interest of the researchers due to their imique ability of selective complexation of various metals, organic and inorganic anions, and some polar moleeules. During the last decades himdreds of such compounds were synthesized, whieh eontain nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms [1], Many polyazamacrocycles can serve as molecular sensors due to their photochemical or redox properties, they contain aromatic moieties which can be present as substituents at nitrogen atoms or can be incorporated in the cycle. 

Kim, J. H. Stephens, J. P. Morikis, D. Ozkana, M. Hybrid inorganic-organic molecular beacons. Sensor Letters 2004,2, 85-90. 

Organized molecular assemblies are being explored for potential uses ranging from electronics and photonics applications to the active components in chemical sensors. These molecular assemblies are sometimes organized layer-by-layer, or even molecule-by-molecule. 

Recent applications of e-beam and HF-plasma SNMS have been published in the following areas aerosol particles [3.77], X-ray mirrors [3.78, 3.79], ceramics and hard coatings [3.80-3.84], glasses [3.85], interface reactions [3.86], ion implantations [3.87], molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) layers [3.88], multilayer systems [3.89], ohmic contacts [3.90], organic additives [3.91], perovskite-type and superconducting layers [3.92], steel [3.93, 3.94], surface deposition [3.95], sub-surface diffusion [3.96], sensors [3.97-3.99], soil [3.100], and thermal barrier coatings [3.101]. 

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